(1) Respectively: Ronald Lewin 'A Signal-Intelligence War', in Laquer, Second World War, p. 185; and Roger J. Spiller, 'Assessing Ultra', Military Review, vol. 59, no. 8 (August 1979), p. 14.

(2) Harold Deutsch, 'The Influence of Ultra on World War II', Parameters: Journal of the U. S. Army War College , vol. 8 (December 1978), p. 6.

(3) David Kahn, 'The International Conference on Ultra', Military Affairs vol. 43, no. 2 (April 1979), p. 98.

(4) Peter Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 36.

(5) Ralph Bennett, Ultra in the West (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 36.

(6) Agawa Hiroyuki, The Reluctant Admiral (Tokyo: Kadansha International, 1979), p. 347.

(7) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 2, BBC Radio 4, 12 March 1980 .

(8) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 3, BBC Radio 4, 27 January 1982 .

(9) Spiller, 'Assessing Ultra', p. 19.

(10) D. Homer, 'Special Intelligence in the South-West Pacific Area in World War II', Australian Outlook, vol. 32, no. 3 (1978), p. 316.

(11) Spiller, 'Assessing Ultra', p. 22; and Ralph Bennett, 'Ultra and Some Command Decisions', in Laquer, Second World War, pp. 223 – 4.

(12) Stephen E. Ambrose, "Elsenhower and the Intelligence Community in World War II', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 16 (1981), p. 158.

(13) 'Der Einfkuss alliierten Funkaufklarung auf den Verlauf des Zweiten Weltkrieges', Vierteljahreshefte fur Zeitgeschichte, vol. 27, no. 3 (1979), pp. 362 – 3.

(14) Ambrose, 'Eisenhower', pp. 158 – 9.

(15) Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p. 108.

(16) 'Interim', British Army of the Rhine Intelligence Review, no. 19 (4 March 1946), in the Liddell Hart Papers under German Intelligence in the West, 1944 – 1945, File on Col M. University of London, King's College Centre for Military Archives.

(17) Gunther Blumentritt, 14 August 1942, Liddell Hart Papers, 9/24/229, Intelligence.

(18) J. Rohwer, and E. Jackel (eds). Die Funkaufklarung und ihre Rolle im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Stuttgart: Motorbuch, 1979), p. 111.

(19) Spiller, Assessing Ultra', p. 18.

(20) Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing: the Enigma of Intelligence (London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1985), p. 244.

(21) Aileen Clayton, The Enemy Is Listening (London: Hutchinson, 1980), pp. 79 – 85.

(22) Philby, My Silent War, p. 38.

(23) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, p. 178.

(24) Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p. 58.

(25) Bennett, 'Ultra and some Command Decisions', p. 232.

(26) Peter Calvocoressi, 'Ne Plus Ultra World War', The Times. 3 May 1984.

(27) Bennett, 'Ultra and some Command Decisions', p. 231.

(28) Spiller, 'Assessing Ultra', p. 20.

(29) Kahn 'International Conference on Ultra', p. 98.

(30) James Rusbridger, 'Secrets of Enigma", The Times, 17 May 1985.

(31) F. D. Shirreff, 'Some Experience with Special Signals', Mercury. The Magazine of the Royal Signals Amateur Radio Society (1981 – 2).

(32) David Kahn, 'Codebreaking in World Wars I and II', Historical Journal, vol. 23 no. 3 (1980), p. 624.

(33) Hodges, Alan Turing, p. 261.

(34) Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p. 85.

(35) Kahn, 'Codebreaking', p. 624.

(36) His obituary in The Times. 31 August 1971 .

(37) See James Rusbridger, 'The Sinking of the Automedon, the Capture of the Nankin, Encounter, May 1985.

(38) Calvocoressi, Top Secret Ultra, p. 94.

(39) Respectively: Nicholson in interview with author, 1967; Thomas O'Toole, 'World War II – Some Additional Postscripts Come to Light', International Herald Tribune (Paris), 14 September 1978; and interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(40) Waldemar Werther, as reported in Rohwer and Jackel, Funkaufklarung, p. 65.

(41) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 3, BBC Radio 4, 27 January 1982 .

(1) John Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1975), p. 89.

(2) ibid

(3) See M Toscano, Designs in Diplomacy (Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), pp. 406 – 10.

(4) Skardon in interview with Leitch, 1980.

(5) Robert Cecil, 'The Cambridge Comintern', in C. Andrew and D. Dilks (eds). The Missing Dimension (London: Macmillan, 1984), p. 181.

(6) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 181.

(7) Gordon Brook-Shepherd, The Storm Petrels (London: Collins, 1977), pp. 172 – 5.

(8) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', pp. 181 – 2.

(9) Geoffrey McDermott in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(10) Letter from Liddell of Ml 5 to Johnson of American Embassy, 26 December 1940 , US National Archives, Washington DC .

(11) Private letter to Page, Leitch and Knightley, 3 August 1967 .

(12) Bruce Page, 'The Endless Quest for Supermole', New Statesman, 21 September 1979 , p. 414.

(13) M. Sayle, 'Conversations with Philby', Sunday Times, 17 December 1967 .

(14) Page, Leitch and Knightley, Philby, p. 51.

(15) Philby, My Silent War. p. xviii.

(16) Letter to Harold Nicholson, undated.

(17) Nigel Wade, 'Soviet Press Praises Philby', Sunday Telegraph, 10 August 1980.

(18) Sayle, 'Conversations with Philby', cit. at n. 13.

(19) Cesil, 'Cambridge Comintern', p. 19.

(20) Toscano, Designs in Diplomacy, p. 409.

(21) Letter from Philby to author, 18 February 1974.

(22) Cecil, 'Cambridge Comintern', p. 175.

(23) See Chalmers Johnson, An Instance of Treason (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1977).

(24) C. Johnson, Treason, p. 154.

(25) ibid., p. 154.

(26) Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, p. 239.

(27) Heinrich Haape, quoted in Desmond Flower and James Reeves (eds), The war 1939 – 1945. vol. 1 (London: Panther, 1967). p. 339.

(28) C. Johnson, Treuson. p. 18.

(29) ibid., p. 159.

(30) ibid., p. 172.

(31) Reported by the Associated Press in the Japan Times, 17 March 1975.

(32) Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, p. 54.

(33) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 435 – 6.

(34) Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, p. 58.

(35) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 443-4.

(36) Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, p. 75.

(37) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, pp. 480 – 2.

(38) Philby, My Silent War, pp. 44 – 5.

(39) Bentley in interview with Page. Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(40) Philby, My Silent War, p. 61.

(41) Evidence of Petrov to the Australian Royal Commission, 1955, quoted in Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 216

(42) Alexander Foote, Handbook for Spies (London: Museum Press, 1949), p. 81.

(43) See, for example: Anthony Read and David Fisher Operation Lucy (London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1980); Chapman Pincher, Their Trade Is Treachery (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1981); Richard Deacon, A History of the British Secret Service (New York: Taplinger, 1970); and Constantine Fitzgibbon, Secret Intelligence in the 20th Century (London: Granada, 1978).

(44) Letter from Hinsley to author, 25 April 1984 .

(45) Hinsley, Britich Intelligence, vol. 2, pp. 69 – 70.

(46) Respectively: Deacon, British Secret Service, p. 366; Read and Fisher, Operation Lucy, dustjacket; and Foote, Handbook for Spies, p. 82.

(47) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 2, p. 60.

(48) See Ruth Werner (pseudonym for Kuczynski). Sonjas Rapport (East Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben, 1977); and A. Terry, 'The Housewife who Spied for Russia ', Sunday Times, 27 January 1980 .

(49) Cable, Foreign Office to Ambassador, Algiers , 6 April 1944 , Eden Papers, SOE/44/17/192, Birmingham University .

(50) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 179.

(51) Kuczynski in interview with Anthony Terry, for author, 17 January 1980 .

(52) ibid.

(53) Oldfield in interview with author, 13 July 1979 .

(54) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 1, p. 441.

(1) R. J. Jeffreys-Jones, Eagle against Empire. United States Opposition to European Imperialism 1898 – 1981 (Aix-en-Provence: European Association for American Studies, 1983), p. 61.

(2) Jeffrey M. Dorwart, 'The Roosevelt – Astor Espionage Ring', New York History (July 1981), p. 309.

(3) ibid., p. 317.

(4) ibid.

(5) B. Smith. Shadow Warriors, p. 63; and Dorwart 'Roosevelt-Astor Espionage', p. 321.

(6) R. J. Jeffreys-Jones, 'History on Trial: a Critique of the CIA and its Critics', p. 3. Paper delivered at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Catholic University of America, Washington DC, 4 – 6 August 1983.

(7) New York Times. 1 December 1938.

(8) West, MI6, pp. 202 – 3.

(9) Corson, Armies of Ignorance, p. 114; and Anthony Cave Brown. The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan (New York: Times Books, 1982), p. 153.

(10) Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), p. 237.

(11) West, MI6. p. 204.

(12) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 156.

(13) ibid., p. 168.

(14) ibid., p. 169; and B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, pp. 68 – 9.

(15) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 170.

(16) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 21.

(17) ibid., pp. 38 – 9.

(18) Peter and Leni Gillman, Collar the Lot! (London: Quartet, 1980), p. 85.

(19) ibid., p. 108.

(20) ibid., p. 77.

(21) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 22.

(22) Professor Margaret Gowing, British Atomic Energy Authority official historian, interview with author, 1984.

(23) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, pp. 100 – 5.

(24) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 182.

(25) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 104.

(26) Cave Brown, Last Hero, pp. 226, 233 – 4; and B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 117.

(27) Cave Brown, Last Hero, pp. 306 – 7.

(28) See Timothy P. Mulligan, 'According to Colonel Donovan: a Document from the Records of German Military Intelligence', The Historian, November 1983, pp. 78 – 86.

(29) Cave Brown, Last Hero. pp. 306 – 8.

(30) ibid., pp. 315 – 16.

(31) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 593.

(32) Weitz in interview with author, 14 September 1984 .

(33) Kirkpatrick in interview with David Leitch, on behalf of author, 1979.

(34) R. Harris Smith, OSS (Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, 1972), p. 185.

(35) ibid., p. 9.

(36) Edmond Taylor , Awakening from History (Boston, Mass.: Gambit, 1969), pp. 350 – 1.

(37) Lyman Kirkpatrick, The Real CIA (New York: Macmillan, 1968), p. 24.

(38) Malcolm Muggeridge, 'Book Review of a Very Limited Edition', Esquire, May 1966, p. 84.

(39) Hinsley, British Intelligence, vol. 2, p. 53.

(40) Stafford , Britain and European Resistance, p. 90.

(41) Edmond Taylor , Richer by Asia (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1947) pp. 225 – 7.

(42) Sweet-Escott, Baker Street Irregular, p. 252.

(43) Respectively: interview with Leitch, September 1979; and R. Smith, OSS , p. 34.

(44) Taylor , Richer by Asia , p. 233.

(45) R. Smith, OSS , pp. 289-90.

(46) Respectively: R. Smith, OSS , p. 286; Cave Brown, Last Hero. p. 625; ibid., p. 644; and Kerby in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(47) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 609.

(48) R. Smith, OSS , p. 27.

(49) Letter from Philby to author, 1978.

(50) Respectively: Michael Howard, 'The Black Record of the Anglo-Saxons'. Sunday Times, 26 January 1978 ; and R. Smith. OSS , p. 354.

(51) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 645 – 8.

(52) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, pp. 339 – 48; and Cave Brown, Last Hero. pp. 423 – 6.

(53) Respectively: Whitwell, British Agent, pp. 202 – 7; and R. Smith, OSS , p. 229.

(54) Weitz in interview with author, 14 September 1984 .

(55) Corson, Armies of Ignorance, pp. 87 – 8.

(56) Cave Brown, Last Hero, pp. 641 – 2.

(57) Cave Brown (ed.). The Secret War Report of the OSS (New York: Berkley Medallion, 1976), p. 7.

(58) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 410.

(59) Thomas Inglis, Chief of Naval Intelligence, testifying before Congress. National Security Act Hearing, 27 June 1947 (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1982), p. 68.

(60) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 757.

(61) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, pp. 381 – 2.

(62) Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Is Paris Burning? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), p. 304.

(1) National Security Act Hearing (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1982), p. 41.

(2) David C. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors (New York: Ballantine, 1981), p. 39.

(3) Respectively: National Security Act Hearing, pp. 38, 55; Pratt, 'How Not to Run a Spy System', p. 242; and Trevor Barnes, 'The Secret Cold War. The CIA and American Foreign Policy in Europe, 1946 – 1956, Part 1', Historical Journal, vol. 24, no. 2 (1981), pp. 400-4.

(4) Harry Howe Ransom, 'Secret Intelligence in the United States, 1947 – 1982: the ClA's Search for Legitimacy', in Andrew and Dilks, Missing Dimension, p. 206.

(5) National Security Act Hearing, p. 32.

(6) ibid., p. 46.

(7) ibid., p. 38.

(8) ibid., p. 35.

(9) Memo in the Leahy Papers, 25 February 1947, Box 20/132, US National Archives, Washington DC.

(10) National Security Act Hearing, pp. 28 – 9.

(11) ibid., pp. 22, 27, 29.

(12) ibid., pp. vi, 1.

(13) Respectively: Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 656; and Ransom, 'Secret Intelligence', p. 203.

(14) Cave Brown, Last Hero, p. 785.

(15) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 651.

(16) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 1', pp. 412 – 13.

(17) Michael J. Barrett, 'Honorable Espionage', Journal of Defence and Diplomacy (February 1984), p. 14.

(18) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', pp. 660, 663.

(19) Enver Hoxha, The Anglo-American Threat to Albania (Tirana: 8 Nentori, 1982), p. 430.

(20) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 664.

(21) Harry Rositzke, The ClA's Secret Operations (New York: Reader's Digest Press, 1977), p. 188.

(22) See David Atlee Phillips, The Night Watch (New York: Atheneum, 1977).

(23) In a speech at Yale University , 3 February 1958 , quoted in R. Hillsman, 'On Intelligence', Armed Forces and Society, vol. 8, no. 1 (Fall 1981), p. 136.

(24) Kirkpatrick in interview with David Leitch, on behalf of author, 1979.

(25) Letter from Philby to author, 27 March 1979 .

(26) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 3, BBC Radio 4, 27 January 1982 .

(27) R. W. Johnson, 'Making Things Happen', London Review of Books, 6 – 19 September 1984, p. 12.

(28) Tad Szulc, 'When the Russians Rocked the World', The Times. 29 August 1984 .

(29) David Holloway, in letter to author, 2 August 1985 .

(30) New York Times, 7 May 1950.

(31) Quoted in Robert Kimball, 'Criminals of the Century?'. Unsolved, vol. 2, no. 21 (1984).

(32) David Holloway, 'Entering the Nuclear Arms Race: the Soviet Decision to Build the Atomic Bomb, 1939 – 1945', Social Studies of Science, vol. 11 (1981), p. 169.

(33) ibid., p. 175.

(34) ibid., p. 179.

(35) ibid., p. 183.

(36) ibid., p. 186.

(37) Holloway in letter to author, 2 August 1985 .

(38) Davidson in letter to author, 16 October 1967 .

(39) Fuchs's confession to Dr Michael W. Perrin, atomic scientist, British Ministry of Supply, quoted in letter from Hoover to Souers, 2 March 1950 . Harry S. Trurnai; Library, President's secretary's files.

(40) Holloway, 'Entering the Nuclear Arms Race', p. 194.

(41) Holloway in letter to author, 2 August 1985 .

(42) Fuchs's confession to Dr. Perrin, cit. at n. 39.

(43) B. Smith, Shadow Warriors, p. 389.

(44) National Security Act Hearing, p. 29.

(45) Margaret Gowing, 'Niels Bohr and Nuclear Weapons' (manuscript of chapter for Massachusetts Institute of Technology), p. 10.

(46) Barnes. 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 654.

(47) H. A. DeWeerd, 'Strategic Surprise in the Korean War', Orbis (Fall 1962), pp. 439 – 40.

(48) ibid., p. 438.

(49) Louis Heren. 'Korea: the Blame that Rests on MacArthur', The Times. 3 January 1981.

(50) DeWeerd, 'Strategic Surprise', p. 449.

(51) Barnes, 'Secret Cold War. Part 2', p. 652.

(52) ibid., p. 655.

(53) 'Should the U. S. Fight Secret Wars; a Forum', Harper's. September 1984, p. 44.

(54) Ransom, 'Secret Intelligence', p. 209.

(55) R. W. Johnson, 'Making Things Happen', p. 14.

(1) Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 98.

(2) P. Hennessy and G. Brownfeld, 'Britain's Cold War Security Purge: the Origins of Positive Vetting'. Historical Journal, vol. 25, no. 4 (1982), pp. 971 – 2.

(3) ibid., p. 973.

(4) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 4, BBC Radio 4. 3 February 1982.

(5) Cecil, 'Cambridge Comintern', p. 180; and Cecil in interview with author, 31 January 1984.

(6) Page, Leitch and Knightley, Philby, p. 172.

(7) Kirkpatrick in interview with author, 1967.

(8) Robert Amory in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(9) Retired SIS officer in interview with author, 26 June 1984 .

(10) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 186. " ibid., p. 188.

(12) Philby, My Silent War, p. 129.

(13) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 3, BBC Radio 4, 27 January 1982 .

(14) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 193.

(15) Michael Straight, After Long Silence (London: Collins, 1983), p. 251.

(16) Cecil, ' Cambridge Comintern', p. 195.

(17) Page, Leitch and Knightley, Philby, p. 291.

(18) Philby, My Silent War, p. 137.

(19) 29 September 1955 , FBI Archives, Washington DC .

(20) Letter from Fishman to Sunday Times, unpublished, 13 February 1977 .

(21) FBI Archives, Washington DC .

(22) Rosamond Lehman in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(23) Lord Egremont in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(24) ibid.

(25) FBI Archives, Washington DC .

(26) Geoffrey McDermott, former Foreign Office adviser to the head of SIS, in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(27) Respectively: 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 4, BBC Radio 4, 3 February 1982 ; and Wilbur Eveland, Guardian, 29 August 1980 .

(28) Unsigned article. New Statesman, 7 July 1978 .

(29) McDermott in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(30) Lord Egremont in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(31) Amory in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(32) Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 158.

(33) McDermott in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(34) A. J. Mcllroy 'Tried to Recruit Me to Be a Spy', Daily Telegraph, 9 December 1980 .

(35) The woman in interview with author, 4 December 1982 .

(36) Honore Catudal, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis (Berlin: Berlin Verlag, 1980), p. 246.

(37) Edward J. Epstein, 'The Spy War', New York Times Magazine, 28 September 1980 .

(38) Leo Abse, 'How to Recognise Tomorrow's Spy', The Times, 26 October 1981 .

(39) Respectively: John Vassall, Vassall: the Autobiography of a Spy (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1975), p. 158; and Christopher Dobson and Ronald Payne, The Dictionary of Espionage (London: Harrap, 1984), p. 16.

(40) Respectively: Epstein, cit. at n. 37; and Sean Bourke, The Springing of George Blake (London: Cassell. 1970), p. 242.

(41) Philby in interview with Sayle, 17 December 1967.

(42) Observer, 30 October 1966.

(43) Atticus, Sunday Times, 27 January 1982.

(44) 'Spy Blake's Jail-break Helper Dies', Daily Mail, 27 January 1982.

(45) Amory in interview with Page, Leitch and Knightley, 1967.

(46) Miles Copeland, Real Spy World (London: Sphere, 1978), p. 94.

(1) Palph W. McGehee, Deadly Deceits (New York: Sheridan Square, 1983), p. 119.

(2) C. Sweeney, 'The Price of Freedom', Sunday Times Magazine, 1 December 1974.

(3) 'Has the KGB Fooled the West?', Sunday Times, 4 March 1984.

(4) David C. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors (New York: Ballantine, 1981), p. 109.

(5) Edward J. Epstein, 'When the CIA Was almost Wrecked', Parade Magazine, 14 October 1984.

(6) see Anatoliy Golitsyn, New Lies for Old (London: The Bodley Head, 1984).

(7) Rositzke in interview with Cherry Hughes for author, 1984.

(8) Stephen de Mowbray, former SIS officer in unpublished letter to Sunday Times; and Epstein, 'When the CIA Was almost Wrecked'.

(9) Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, pp. 148 – 9.

(10) ibid., p. 192.

(11) Rositzke in interview with Cherry Hughes, 1984.

(12) De Mowbray in unpublished letter cit at n. 8 above.

(13) Epstein, 'When the CIA Was almost Wrecked'.

(14) R. W. Johnson, 'Making Things Happen', p. 14.

(15) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(16) Epstein, 'When the CIA Was almost Wrecked'.

(17) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(18) Joseph C. Goulden, Korea : the Untold Story (New York: Times Books, 1982), p. 245.

(19) Angleton in undated statement first issued on publication of Martin's Wilderness of Mirrors.

(20) Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, pp. 155 – 77.

(21) Henry J. Hurt, 'Is this American a Soviet Spy?', Reader's Digest, October 1981.

(22) ibid.

(23) Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, p. 210.

(24) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 5, BBC Radio 4, 10 February 1982 .

(25) Rositzke in interview with Cherry Hughes, 1984.

(26) Fitzroy Maclean, Take Nine Spies (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978), pp. 305 – 6.

(27) ibid., p. 306.

(28) Chapman Pincher, ' U. S. Intelligence Agents Find Shot Russian's Story Hidden in Drawer', Daily Express, 29 April 1965 .

(29) Catudal , Berlin Wall, pp. 242 – 3.

(30) John le Carre, 'Wardrobe of Disguises', Sunday Times, 10 September 1967 .

(31) Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 197. See also Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (Historical Series), Vol. XII, testimony of Hugh L. Dryden of NSA, 1 June 1960 .

(32) Hillsman, 'On Intelligence', p. 142.

(33) Corson, Armies of Ignorance, pp. 30 – 1.

(34) ibid., pp. 26 – 9.

(35) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(36) Corson, Armies of Ignorance, p. 30.

(37) Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 206.

(38) Lawrence Freedman , U. S. Intelligence and the Soviet Strategic Threat (London: Macmillan, 1979), p. 71.

(39) Verrier, Looking Glass, pp. 210 – 11.

(40) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, September 1979.

(41) Verrier, Looking Glass, pp. 217 – 18.

(42) ibid., p. 229.

(43) Robert Kennedy, 13 Days: the Cuban Missile Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1968), p. 87.

(44) Sir Dick White, then head of SIS, quoted in Verrier, Looking Glass, p. 193.

(45) Robin Stafford, 'False, False, that Book about My Husband', Daily Express. 23 November 1965 .

(46) Edward Crankshaw, 'The Dispute about Penkovsky', Observer, 21 November 1965.

(47) Le Carre, 'Wardrobe of Disguises', cit. at n. 30.

(48) The diplomat in correspondence with the author. The diplomat, for professional and personal reasons, wishes to remain anonymous. But he has agreed that I may forward to him serious inquiries sent care of me.

(49) 'Russians Helped CIA during Cuba Crisis', The Times, 15 April 1971.

(50) Herbert Scoville, 'Is Espionage Necessary for Our Security?', Foreign Affairs, vol. 54, no. 3 (April 1976), p. 488.

(51) Letter from Rusbridger to author, 16 July 1985.

(52) Teresa Stem, 'The Tanganyika – Zanzibar Union: a Look at U. S. Non-Interference', unpublished paper, in present author's possession.

(53) Babu in interview with author, 4 September 1985.

(54) Hillsman, 'On Intelligence', pp. 133 – 4.

(55) Frank Snepp, 'The Intelligence of the Central Intelligence Agency in Vietnam', Part 1 in Harrison Salisbury (ed.), Vietnam Reconsidered (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), p. 57.

(56) Richard K. Betts, 'Analysis, War, and Decision: Why Intelligence Failures are Inevitable', World Politics, vol. 31 (October 1978), p. 68.

(57) Chester L. Cooper, 'The CIA and Decision Making', Foreign Affairs, vol. 50 (January 1972), pp. 229 – 30.

(58) ibid.

(59) ibid., p. 232.

(60) Snepp, 'Central Intelligence Agency', p. 60.

(61) Kirkpatrick in interview with author, 1967.

(62) Henry Brand on. The Retreat of American Power (New York: Doubleday, 1973) p. 103.

(63) Respectively: Snepp, 'Central Intelligence Agency' p. 56; and Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, September 1979.

(64) Snepp, 'Central Intelligence Agency', p. 56.

(65) John Stockwell, 'The Intelligence of the Central Intelligence Agency in Vietnam', Part 3 in Salisbury, Vietnam Reconsidered, p. 64.

(66) McGehee, Deadly Deceits, p. 156.

(67) Ralph W. McGehee, 'The Intelligence of the Central Intelligence Agency in Vietnam', Part 2 in Salisbury, Vietnam Reconsidered, p. 63.

(68) David H. Hunter, 'The Evolution of Literature on United States Intelligence', Armed Forces and Society, vol. 5, no. 1 (November 1978), p. 32

(69) ibid., p. 32.

(70) John M. Crewdson, 'ClA's Propaganda Efforts', The Times of India (Bombay), 7 January 1978.

(71) Angus Mackenzie, 'Sabotaging the Dissident Press', Columbia Journalist Review March/April 1981, pp. 57 – 63.

(72) Church Committee, Final Report. Vol. 1 (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 14.

(73) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(74) Frank Snepp, Decent Interval (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin, 1980), back cover.

(75) Richard Eder, 'Why Decision in Snepp Case Disturbs Publishers', New York Times 11 March 1980.

(76) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(77) ibid.

(1) 'Shaping Tomorrow's CIA', Time Magazine. 6 February 1978, p. 24.

(2) Kenneth Harris, 'Did the CIA Fail America?', Observer, 9 December 1979.

(3) 'Shaping Tomorrow's CIA', p. 29.

(4) ibid., p. 31.

(5) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(6) Philip Agee, Playboy, August 1975, pp. 60 – 2.

(7) Kirkpatrick in interview with Leitch, 1979.

(8) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 5, BBC Radio 4, 10 February 1982.

(9) Nigel West, 'The Hollis Affair and that Spy Called Elli', The Times, 23 October 1981.

(10) ibid.

(11) Obituary ofG. R. Mitchell, in The Times. 3 January 1985.

(12) see 'The Hollis Affair', Sunday Times, 29 March 1981.

(13) Former head of SIS in interview with author, 3 December 1981.

(14) Phillip Knightley, 'Cock-up or Conspiracy?', Sunday Times. 11 November 1984.

(15) Nigel West, A Matter of Trust. M15 1945 – 72 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1982), p. 178.

(16) 'Hollis Affair', cit. at n. 12.

(17) 'The Profession of Intelligence', part 5, BBC Radio 4, 10 February 1982.

(18) ibid.; and 'Hollis Affair', cit. at n. 12.

(19) 'Hollis Affair', cit. at n. 12.

(20) S. Freeman, B. Penrose and C. Simpson, 'Military Coup Was Aimed at Wilson' Sunday Times. 29 March 1981.

(21) 'Hollis Affair', cit. at n. 12.

(22) Maurice Crump, letter to The Times, 19 April 1984.

(23) Rees-Mogg in interview with author, March 1979.

(24) West, M15. British Security Service Operations 1909 – 1945: A Matter of Trust. M15 1945 – 72; M16. British Secret Intelligence Service Operations 1909 – 45; and The Branch – a History of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch, 1883 – 1983 (London-Seeker & Warburg, 1983).

(25) The Deputy Treasury Solicitor, Sunday Times, 17 October 1984.

(26) Allason in interview with author, 1981.

(27) Oldfield in interview with author, 13 July 1979.

(28) lan Black, 'Second Wartime Spying Book Stopped', Guardian. 8 December 1983.

(29) ibid.

(30) Peter Calvocoressi, 'Action that Day', Sunday Times, 18 October 1981.

(31) 'Sons of Stalin's Englishmen?', The Times, 2 August 1984.

(32) Allason in interview with author, 1984.

(33) Mitchell's obituary in The Times, 3 January 1985.

(34) 'Panorama', BBC 1 television, 19 October 1981.