55. J. Peter Bade, G. Q. Maguire Jr., and David F Bantz, The IBM/ Columbia Student Electronic Notebook Project, 29 June 1990.

56. «A Brief History of Wearable Computing».

57. The Wearable Group at Carnegie Mellon, «http://www.wearablegroup.org/» (6 March 2002). See also: VuMan, «http://www.-2.cs.cmu.edu/~wearable/vuman.html» (6 March 2002).

58. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 42.

59. Cyberman, directed by Peter Lynch, «http://cbc.ca/cyberman/» (29 March 2002).

60. Thad Starrier, «Wearable Computing and Context Awareness» (Ph. D. diss., MIT, 1999), 64.

61. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 71.

62. Steve Mann, «Smart Clothing: The Shift to Wearable Computing», Proceedings of CACM 39 (August 1996): 23-24.

63. «The MIThril Vision», «http://www.media.mit.edu/wearables/ mithril/vision.html» (21 January 2002).

64. Scott Stemberger, «New Body Art: Wearable Wireless Devices», IBM DeveloperWorks, January 2002, «http://www.-106.ibm.com/ developerworks/wireless/library/wi-wear.html?t=gr,p=Wearem-Wireless» (3 February 2002).

65. Wearable Internet Appliance, «http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Prod/ vims/wia/eng/main.html» (3 February 2002).

66. «Timex Watch to Incorporate Speedpass Technology», Associated Press, 28 February 2002, «http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/ review/2002/2/28/timexspeedpass.htm» (6 March 2002).

Глава 5

1. Epigraph: Bruce Sterling, Distraction, A Novel (New York: Bantam, 1998).

2. Upendra Shardanand and Pattie Maes, «Social Information Filtering-Algorithms for Automating Word of Mouth», Proceedings of ACM CHF95 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1995, «http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/Electronic/documnts/papers/us_bdy.htm» (9 February 2002).

3. Cameron Barrett, «Online Community Technologies and Concepts», Camworld.com, December 2001, «http://www.camworld.com/ essays/communities.html» (9 February 2002).

4. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993).

5. Howard Rheingold, «Virtual Communities», Whole Earth Review 61 (Winter 1988): 14.

6. David Goldberg et al., «Using Collaborative Filtering to Weave an Information Tapestry», Communications of the ACM 35 (December 1992): 61-70.

7. Usenet FAQ Archive, «ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierar-chy/» (9 February 2002).

8. Paul Resnick et al., «GroupLens: An Open Architecture for Collaborative Filtering of Netnews», Proceedings of ACM 1994 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 1994, 175-186, «http:// www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/cscw94/» (9 February 2002).

9. The Reputations Research Network, «http://databases.si.umich. edu/reputations/» (14 January 2002).

10. MovieLens, «http://movielens.umn.edu/» (9 February 2002).

11. Hui Guo, Thomas Kreifelts, and Angi Voss, «SOaP: Social Filtering through Social Agents», report of ECRIM Workshop Proceedings, No. 98/W001 of the 5th DELOS Workshop on Filtering and Collaborative Filtering, 291-298, «http://www.ercim.org/publication/ws-proceedings/ DELOS5/guo.pdf» (10 February 2002).

12. Steven Johnson, Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software (New York: Scribner, 2001).

13. Epinions, «http://www.epinions.com» (9 February 2002).

14. Mark Frauenfelder, «Revenge of the Know-It-Ails», Wired 8.07, July 2000, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/8.07/egoboo.html» (31 January 2002).

15. Katie Hafner, «Web Sites Begin to Self Organize», New York Times, 18 January 2001, «http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/18/technol-ogy/18SELF.html» (24 January 2002).

16. Everything2, «http://www.everything2.com/» (9 February 2002).

17. Blogger, «http://www.blogger.com» (5 February 2002).

18. Farhad Manjoo, «Blah, Blah, Blah, and Blog», Wired News, 18 February 2002, «http://www.wired.eom/news/print/0,1294,50443,00. htrnl» (24 February 2002).

19. Henry Jenkins, «Digital Renaissance», Technology Review, March 2002, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/jenkins0302.asp» (24 February 2002).

20. Slashdot FAQ, «http://slashdot.org/faq/» (9 February 2002).

21. eBay «http://pages.ebay.com/community/aboutebay/overview/index.html» (5 February 2002).

22. Peter Kollock, «The Production of Trust in Online Markets», in Advances in Group Processes 16, ed. E. J. Lawler et al. (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1999), «http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/ kollock/papers/online_trust.htm» (9 February 2002).

23. «Crime Low on eBay Site», Marin Independent Journal, 29 December 2000, B4, B6.

24. Judith H. Dobryzynski, «In Online Auctions, Rings of Bidders», New York Times, 2 June 2000, «http://www.nytimes.com/library/ tech/00/06/biztech/articles/02ebay.html» (11 January 2002).

25. Peter Kollock, «The Production of Trust in Online Markets», 99.

26. Paul Resnick and Richard Zeckhauser, «Trust Among Strangers in Internet Transactions: Empirical Analysis of eBay's Reputation System», Working Paper for the NBER Workshop on Empirical Studies of Electronic Commerce, 5 February 2001, «http://www.si. umich.edu/ ~presnick/papers/ebayNBER/index.html» (10 February 2002).

27. Paul Resnick et al., «Reputation Systems», Communications of the ACM, 43 (December 2000), «http://www.si. umich.edu/~presnick/ papers/cacmOO/reputations.pdf» (9 February 2002).

28. «Reputation Bibliography», The Reputations Research Network, «http://databases.si.umich.edu/reputations/bib/bib.html» (23 October 2001).

29. Richard Lethin, «Reputation», в книге Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001).

30. William Stallings, «How to Certify Public Keys Without a Central Authority», Byte, February 1995, «http://www.byte.com/art/9502/secl3/ art4.htm» (9 February 2002).

31. Chrysanthos Dellarocas, «Building Trust On-Line: The Design of Reliable Reputation Reporting Mechanisms for Online Trading Communities», eBusiness@MIT, July 2001, «http://ebusiness.mit.edu/research/ papers/101%20Dellarocas,%20Trust%20Management.pdf» (19 September 2001).

32. Kirsten Hawkes, «Why Hunter-Gatherers Work: An Ancient Version of the Problem of Public Goods», Current Anthropology 34, 4 (1993): 341-361.

33. Josh Whitfield, «Men Fish for Compliments», Nature 9 (April 2001), «http://www.nature.com/nsu/010412/010412-l.html» (9 February 2002).

34. G. Pollock and L. A. Dugatkin, «Reciprocity and the Evolution of Reputation», Journal of Theoretical Biology 159 (1992): 25-37.

35. Robin Dunbar, «Why Gossip Is Good for You», New Scientist 21 November 1992.

36. Karl Sigmund, Ernst Fehr, and Martin A. Nowak, «The Economics of Fair Play», Scientific American, January 2002, 83-87.

37. Ernst Fehr and Simon Gachter, «Altruistic Punishment in Humans», Nature 415 (2002): 137-140.

38. Karl Sigmund, Christoph Hauert, and Martin A. Nowak, «Reward and Punishment in Minigames», paper presented at conference in Steyr, Austria, July 6-7, 2001, «http://www.umass.edu/preferen/mpapers/ Sigmund.pdf» (9 February 2002).

39. Natalie Angier, «The Urge to Punish Cheats: Not Just Human, but Selfless», New York Times, 22 January 2002, «http://www.nytimes. com/2002/01/022/science/social/22CHEA.html» (23 January 2002).

40. Marc A. Smith, «Mapping Social Cyberspaces: Measures and Maps of Usenet, a Computer Mediated Social Space» (Ph. D. diss., UCLA, 2001), 157-158.

Глава 6

1. Ben Charny, «MobileStar Lays Off Staff, Seeks Sale», CNET News.com, 10 October 2001, «http://news.com.com/2100-1033-274214. html?legacy=cnet» (21 February 2002).

2. Mark Ashurst, «Africa: Now, a 'Quiet Revolution': Mobile Phones Leapfrog an Obstacle to Development», Newsweek International, 27 August 2001. See also: Stefan Lehmann, «Wireless Brings the World to Africa», Connect-World Africa 2001, October 2001, «http://www.connect-world.com/docs/articles/cwafricaOl/lehmann_radio_cwafrica01.asp» (22 February 2002).

3. Rob Flickenger, «802. lib Tips, Tricks, and Facts», O'Reilly Network, 2 March 2001, «http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/wire-less/2001/03/02/802. llb_facts.html» (21 Febraary 2002).

4. «Communications Law: An Overview», Legal Information Institute (Cornell Law School), «http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/com-munications.html» (21 February 2002). See also: «Communications Act Of 1934», Federal Communications Commission, «http://www.fcc.gov/ Reports/1934new.pdf» (21 February 2002).

5. Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus Books, 2001).

6. R. H. Coase, «The Federal Communications Commission», Journal of Law and Economics 2 (1959): 10.

7. Lawrence Lessig, «The Internet Under Siege», Foreign Policy, November — December 2001, «http://www.foreignpolicy.com/ issue_novdec_2001/lessig.html» (21 February 2002).

8. Kevin Maney, «Wireless Technology Could Sting Cellular Networks», USA Today, 1 August 2001, «http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/ ccarch/2001-08-01maney.htm» (23 February 2002).

9. Leander Kahney, «Free the Wireless Net!» Wired News, 20 September 2000, «http://www.wired.eom/news/print/0,1294,38803,00.html» (21 February 2002).

10. Kahney, «Free the Wireless Net!»

11. Peter Meyers, «Motley Crew Beams No-Cost Broadband to New York: High Speed, Freed», Village Voice, 15-21 August 2001, «http:// www.villagevoice.com/issues/0133/meyers.php» (22 February 2002).

12. Erika Jonietz, «Unwiring the Web», Technology Review, December 2001, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/innovationll201.asp» (22 February 2002).

13. Jonietz, «Unwiring the Web».

14. Peter Meyers, «In a Pinch, Wi-Fi Fills the Gap», New York Times, 4 October 2001, «http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/04/technology/ circuits/04ACCE.html?ex=100» (23 February 2002).

15. John Markoff, «The Corner Internet Network vs. the Cellular Giants», New York Times, 4 March 2002, «http://www.nytimes. com/2002/03/04/technology/04MESH.html» (6 March 2002).

16. Michael Behar, «The Broadband Militia», Washington Monthly, March 2002, «http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/ 0203.behar.html» (6 March 2002).

17. Rob Flickenger, Building Wireless Community Networks Implementing the Wireless Web (Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly Associates, 2001), «http://www.oreillynet.eom/pub/a/wireless/2001/03/06/recipe.html» (21 February 2002).

18. Ben Charny, «EarthLink Founder Takes to the Air», CNET News.com, 19 December 2001, «http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1004-200-8237110.html» (21 February 2002).

19. «Asia at the Forefront of Wireless LAN Industry», Wireless World Forum, 1 February 2002, «http://www.wirelessworldforum.com/w2fnewsll530.html» (21 February 2002).

20. Ephraim Schwartz, «IBM Hints at Taking Wi-Fi Access National», Infoworld, 10 June 2002, «http://www.idg.net/go. cgi?id=697400»

21. John Edwards, «LANs Without Lines, CIO Magazine, 1 April 2001, «http://www.cio.com/archive/040101/et_content.html» (11 February 2002). See also: «Wireless Bares its Bluetooth at Comdex», USA Today, 15 November 2001, «http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/wireless/2001/ ll/15/comdex-bluetooth.htm» (24 February 2002).

22. Bob Brewin, «UPS to Deploy Bluetooth, Wireless LAN Network», CNN.com, 24 July 2001, «http://www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/07/24/ups.bluetooth.idg/ » (23 February 2002).

23. Ephraim Schwartz, «Fearless Forecasts», Infoworld.corn 21 December 2001, «http://www.infoworld.com/articles/op/xml/0l/i2/24/011224opwireless.xml» (23 February 2002).

24. Microsoft chairman Bill Gates at the Microsoft Professional Developers Conference, 23 October 2001, reported by David Isenberg in Smart Letter #68, 17 March 2002, «http://isen.com/archives/020317.html» (29 March 2002).

25. Kevin Poulsen, «War Driving by the Bay», The Register, 13 April 2001, «http://www.theregister.co.Uk/content/8/18285.html» (21 February 2002).

26. Meyers, «Motley Crew Beams No-Cost Broadband».

27. Michelle Delio, «Wireless Networks in Big Trouble», Wired News, 20 August 2001. «http://www.wired.com/news/wireless/0,1382,46l87,00.html» (27 December 2001).

28. Paul Festa, «Free Wireless Net Access for the Masses», CNET Netos.com, 26 September 2001, «http://news.cnet.com/news/ 0-1004-200-7301549.html?tag= tp_pr» (11 October 2001).

29. RF Radiation and Electromagnetic Field Safety, «http:// www.arrl.org/news/rfsafety/hbkrf.html» (29 March 2002).

30. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), «http://www.rheingold.com/texts/tft/index.html» (23 February 2002).

31. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993).

32. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House, 2001), 80.

33. Anna Couey, «The Birth of Spread Spectrum: How 'The Bad Boy of Music' and 'The Most Beautiful Girl in the World' Catalyzed a Wireless Revolution — In 1941», MicroTimes 166, 23 June 1997, «http:// www.sirius.be/lamarr.htm» (23 February 2002). See also: Ashley Craddock, «Privacy Implications of Hedy Lamarr's Idea», Wired News, 11 March 1997, «http://www.wired.eom/news/politics/0,1283,2507,00.html» (14 October 2001).

34. Chris Beaumont, «Hedy Lamarr, George Antheil, and the Secret Communications System Patent», «http://www.ncafe.com/chris/pat2/ index.html» (23 February 2002).

35. Peter H. Dana, «Global Positioning System Overview», 1 May 2000, «http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html» (23 February 2002).

36. Brent Hurtig, «Broadband Cowboy», Wired 10.01, January 2002, «http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.01/hendricks_pr.html» (23 February 2002).

37. Nobuo Ikeda, «The Spectrum as Commons: Digital Wireless Technologies and the Radio Policy», RIETI Discussion Paper Series 02-E— 002, March 2002 «http://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/02e002.pdf» (29 March 2002).

38. «AN-MSI Tribal College Wireless Project Overview», «http:// \\ww.anmsi.org/cornmittees/internet_corm/wireless_net.asp» (18 July 2001).

39. «HPWREN Collaborates with Palomar College and SCTCA's Tribal Digital Village: Computer Science Class Includes Multicast Technology Experiments», High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network (HPWREN), 4 January 2002, «http://hpwren.ucsd. edu/news/020104.html» (20 February 2002).

40. Kade L. Twist, «Native Networking Trends: Wireless Broadband Networks», Digital Beat, 20 September 2001, «http://www.benton.org/ DigitalBeat/db092001.html» (23 February 2002).

41. Robert X. Cringely, «The 100 Mile-Per-Gallon Carburetor: How Ultra Wide Band May (or May Not) Change the World», The Pulpit, 24 January 2002, «http://www.pbs.org/cringely/pulpit/pulpit20020124. html» (29 January 2002).

42. Tim Shepard, «Decentralized Channel Management in Scalable Multihop Spread-Spectrum Packet Radio Networks» (Ph. D. diss., MIT, 1995), «ftp://ftp.lcs.mitedu/pub/lcs-pubs/tr.outbox/MIT-LCS-TR-670.ps.qz» (23 February 2002).

43. W. Brian Arthur, Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994).

44. «A Radio on Every Chip in 10 Years», The Register, 4 March 2002, «http://www.theregister.co.Uk/content/3/24267.html» (6 March 2002).

45. Steve Gillmor, «Man in the White Suit», InfoWorld.com, 4 January 2002, «http://www.infoworld.com/articles/op/xml/02/01/07/ 020107opcurve.xml» (24 January 2002).

46. «MeshNetworks Receives Experimental License from FCC Enabling Demonstration of its Mobile Broadband Network Technology», «http://www.meshnetworks.com/pages/newsroom/press_releases/ release_01_09_02.htm» (23 February 2002).

47. «Nokia Introduces First-of-Its-Kind Wireless Broadband Solution at SUPERCOMM 2000», 7 June 2000, «http://press.nokia.com/ PR/200006/782980_ 5.html» (29 January 2002).

48. Sam Joseph, «When Population Density is a Plus», Japan, Inc, June 2001, «http://www.japaninc.com/mag/comp/2001/06/ jun01_filter__pop.html» (23 February 2002).

49. Cybiko, Inc., «http://www.cybiko.com/» (23 January 2002). See also: Cybla.com, «http://www.cybla.com/main.shtml» (23 February 2002).

50. Sam Joseph, «P2P: The Japanese Angle», Japan Inc, April 2001, «http://www.japaninc.net/print.php?articleID=112» (21 December 2001).

51. Jaap Haartsen, «Bluetooth: The Universal Radio Interface for Ad Hoc, Wireless Connectivity», Ericsson Review 3, 1998, «http:// www.ericsson.com/about/publications/review/1998_03/articlel4.shtml» (14 December 2001).

52. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), «http://www.bluetooth.com/sig/about.asp» (23 February 2002).

53. Brewin, «UPS to Deploy Bluetooth».

54. Guy Kewney, «Bluetooth Will Coexist with WLANs, Says Forrester», ZDNET UK News, 22 October 2001, «http://news.zdnet.co.uk/ story/0„t269-s2097796,00.html» (10 November 2001).

55. Hurtig, «Broadband Cowboy».

56. David S. Isenberg, «The Dawn of the Stupid Network», ACM Networker 2.1, February/March 1998, 24-31, «http://www.isen.coni/ papers/Dawnstupid.html» (29 March 2002).

57. GNU Radio, «http://www.gnu.org/software/gnuradio/gnuradio.html» (29 March 2002).

58. Yochai Benkler, «Overcoming Agoraphobia: Building the Commons of the Digitally Networked Environment», Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 287, 1998, «http://www.law.nyu.edu/benklery/ agoraphobia.pdf» (18 November 2001).

59. Kevin Werbach, «Open Spectrum: The Paradise of the Commons», Release 1.0, 19, 10 (November 2001), «http://releasel.edventure.com/ abstracts.cfm?Counter=5423494» (23 February 2002).

60. Quentin Hardy, «The Great Wi-Fi Hope», Forbes, 18 March 2002, «http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2002/0318/056.html» (29 March 2002).

61. Werbach, «Open Spectrum».

62. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (1942; переиздание, New York: Harper, 1975), 82-85. Шумпетер Й. Капитализм, социализм, демократия / Пер. с англ. В. С. Автономова, Л. А. Громова, К. Б. Козлова и др. — М.: Экономика, 1995. — С. 127.

63. Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, 2nd ed. (London and New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 17. [на рус. яз.: Макиавелли. Государь. — Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс, 1998. — С. 68.

64. Lessig, The Future of Ideas, 230.

Глава 7

1. Epigraph: Vincente Rafael, «The Cell Phone and the Crowd: Messianic Politics in Recent Philippine History», 13 June 2001. «http:// communication.ucsd.edu/people/f__rafael.cellphone.html».

2. Michael Bociurkiw, «Revolution by Cell Phone», Forbes, 10 September 2001, «http://www.forbes.com/asap/2001/0910/028.html» (1 March 2002).

3. Paul de Armond, «Black Flag Over Seattle», Albion Monitor 72, March 2000, «http://www.monitor.net/monitor/seattlewto/index.html» (1 March 2002).

4. Alexander MacLeod, «Call to Picket Finds New Ring in Britain's Fuel Crisis», Christian Science Monitor, 19 September 2000. See also: Chris Marsden, «Britain's Labour Government and Trade Union Leaders Unite to Crush Fuel Tax Protest», World Socialist Web Site, 15 September 2000, «http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/sep2000/fuel-sl5.shtml» (1 March 2002).

5. Steve Mann and Hal Niedzviecki, Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer (Mississauga: Dou-bleday Canada, 2001), 177-178.

6. Critical Mass, «http://www.critical-mass.org/» (6 March 2002).

7. Anne Torres, «4 SME, Txtng is Lyf», TheFeature com, 18 April 2001, «http://www.thefeature.com» (1 March 2002).

8. Bociurkiw, «Revolution by Cell Phone».

9. Rafael, «The Cell Phone and the Crowd».

10. Arturo Bariuad, «Text Messaging Becomes a Menace in the Philippines», Straits Times, 3 March 2001.

11. Wayne Arnold, «Manila's Talk of the Town Is Text Messaging», New York Times, 5 July 2000, CI.

12. Bariuad, «Text Messaging Becomes a Menace».

13. Rafael, «The Cell Phone and the Crowd».

14. Richard Lloyd Parry, «The TXT MSG Revolution», Independent Digital, 23 January 2001, «http://www.independent.co.uk/story.jsp?story=51748» (1 March 2002).

15. Rafael, «The Cell Phone and the Crowd».

16. De Armond, «Black Flag Over Seattle».

17. David Ronfeldt and John Arquilla, «Networks, Netware, and the Fight for the Future», First Monday 6, 10 (October 2001), «http:// firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_10/ronfeldt/index.html» (1 March 2002).

18. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, eds., Networks and Net-wars— The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2001).

19. Jim Lai, «The Future of Infantry», Mindjack 28, January 2002, «http://www.mindjack.com/feature/landwarrior.htrnl» (1 March 2002).