Умная толпа

16. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 25.

17. Marc A. Smith, «Mapping Social Cyberspaces: Measures and Maps of Usenet, a Computer Mediated Social Space» (Ph. D. diss., UCLA, 2001), 18.

18. Thomas Henry Huxley, «The Struggle for Existence in Human Society», in Evolution and Ethics, and Other Essays (London, 1894), 202-218.

19. Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1989), 78.

20. Stephen J. Gould, Bully for Brontosaurus: Reflections on Natural History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991).

21. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, 171.

22. J. Paradis and G. С Williams, Evolution and Ethics: Т. Н. Huxley's Evolution and Ethics with New Essays on Its Victorian and Sociobi-ological Context (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).

23. W. D. Hamilton, «The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior», Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 (1964): 1-52.

24. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976).

25. Hobbes, Leviathan, 95. Левиафан, часть II «О государстве», глава XVII, «О причинах, возникновении и определении государства» // Т. Гоббс. Соч. в 2 т. / Пер. на рус. яз. А. Гутермана. — М.: Мысль, 1991. — Т. 2. — С. 132.

26. John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944) [рус. пер.: Теория игр и экономическое поведение. М.: Наука, 1970].

27. William Poundstone, Prisoner's Dilemma: John von Neumann, Game Theory, and the Puzzle of the Bomb (New York: Doubleday, 1992).

28. J. Bronowski, The Ascent of Man (Toronto: Little, Brown, 1973).

29. Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960).

30. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse on Inequality (London: Penguin, 1984). [на рус. яз.: Рассуждение о происхождении и основаниях неравенства между людьми // Ж.-Ж. Руссо. Трактаты / Пер. с франц. А. Хаютина. — М.: Наука, 1969. — С. 75).

31. Merrill M. Flood, «Some Experimental Games», Research Memorandum RM-789 (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 1952).

32. A. W Tucker, «On Jargon: The Prisoner's Dilemma», UMAP Journal 1 (1950): 101.

33. Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1985).

34. R. L. Trivers, «The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism», Quarterly Beview of Biology 46 (1971): 35-37.

35. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation.

36. G. S. Wilkinson, «Reciprocal Food Sharing in the Vampire Bat», Nature 308 (March 8, 1984): 181-184.

37. Manfred Milinski, «TIT FOR TAT in Sticklebacks and the Evolution of Cooperation», Nature 325 (29 January 1987): 433-435.

38. P. Farb, Man's Rise to Civilization as Shown by the Indians of North America from Primeval Times to the Coming of the Industrial State (New York: Dutton, 1968).

39. Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1984).

40. J. H. Saltzer, D. P. Reed, and D. D. Clark, «End-to-End Arguments in System Design», ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2 (November 1984): 277-288.

41. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000).

42. Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late-The Origins of the Internet (New York: Touchstone, 1998).

43. Levy, Hackers.

44. Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late.

45. J. С R. Licklider and R. W. Taylor, «The Computer as a Communication Device», Science and Technology (April 1968): 21-31.

46. William Henry Gates III, «An Open Letter to Hobbyists», Altair Users' Newsletter, 3 February 1976.

47. Dennis M. Ritchie, «The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System», AT amp;T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal 63 (October 1984)-1577-1593.

48. Nick Moffit, «Nick Moffit's $7 History of Unix», «http://crackmonkey.org/unix.html» (29 January 2002).

49. Ritchie, «The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System».

50. Moffit, «Nick Moffit's $7 History of Unix».

51. Richard Stallman, «The Free Software Definition». The GNU Project, Free Software Foundation, 2000, «http://www.gnu.org/philoso-phy/free-sw.html» (17 June 2001) [на рус. яз.: Ричард Столлмен. GNU GPL и американский образ жизни / Компьютерра. 2001. № 10 (387). 14 марта].

52. Ibid. See also: Michael Stutz, «Freed Software Winning Support, Making Waves», Wired News, 30 January 1998, «http://www.wired.com/ news/technology/0,1282,9966,00.html» (5 February 2002).

53. Eric Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary (Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly and Associates, 1997). See also: «http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/ writings/homesteading/» (29 January 2002).

54. BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), «http://www.isc.org/ products/BIND/» (16 January 2002).

55. Network Working Group, ed. B. Carpenter, «Architectural Principles of the Internet», June 1996, «http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfcl958.txt» (26 November 2001).

56. Tim Berners-Lee, «Information Management: A Proposal», 1989, «http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html» (29 January 2002).

57. Andy Server, «It Was My Party — and I Can Cry If I Want To», Business 2.0, March 2001, «http://www.business2.com/articles/ mag/0,1640,9662,FF.html» (12 August 2001).

58. Daniel Dern, «A Real Brief History of Usenet», BYTE Magazine, 4 September 1999.

59. Smith, «Mapping Social Cyberspaces», 12.

60. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House, 2001).

61. «FCC Launches Proceeding to Promote Widespread Deployment of High-speed Broadband Internet Access Services», 14 February 2002, «http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Common_Carrier/News_Releases/2002/ nrcc0202.html» (24 February 2002).

62. «Cable TV Lobby, Including Comcast, Tells FCC: Give Us a „Closed“ Broadband Net», Center for Digital Democracy, 15 February 2002, «http://www.democraticmedia.org/news/washingtonwatch/ca-bleletter.html» (25 February 2002). See also: Cable Industry FCC Lobbying Document, Center for Digital Democracy, 8 February 2002, «http:// www.democraticmedia.org/resources/filings/cableFCCLobbyingDocu-ment.pdf» (25 February 2002).

63. «FCC Sides with Cable Net Firms», Associated Press, 14 March 2002, «http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,51061,00.html» (29 March 2002).

64. L. Garton, С Haythornthwaite, and B. Wellman, «Studying Online Social Networks», Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3, 1 (1997): 1.

65. Barry Wellman, «Physical Place and CyberPlace: The Rise of Personalized Networking», International journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, 2 (2001): 227-252, «http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/ publications/individualism/ijurr3al.htm» (29 March 2002).

66. Alun Anderson, «The Mathematics of Mayhem», in The World in 2001, «http://www.theworldin.com/arts/sci/fsl.html» (5 May 2001).

67. Gordon E. Moore, «Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits», Electronics 38, 8 (19 April 1965): 114-117.

68. «Moore's Law», Intel Corporation, «http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm» (21 December 2001).

69. Scott Kirsner, «The Legend of Bob Metcalfe», Wired 6.11, November 1998, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive//6.11/metcalfe.html? person=bob_metcalfe amp;topic_set=wiredpeople» (27 January 2002).

70. David P. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential: Beyond Metcalfe's Law to the Power of Community Building», originally appeared in Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999) «http://www.contextmag.com/archives/199903/ digitalstrategyreedslaw.asp» (25 January 2002).

71. Francis Fukuyama, Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995).

72. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential», 1999.

Глава 3

1. Epigraph: Cory Doctorow, «My Date with the Gnomes of San Jose», Mindjack, 15 October 2000. «http://www.mindjack.com/feature/ p2p.html.» (25 January 2002).

2. Charlene Anderson, «SETI@home and the Planetary Society: A Reminiscence and a Hope for the Future», May 2000, «http:// www.planetary.org/UPDATES/seti/seti@home_and_planetary_society.html» (20 January 2002). See also: Roving Mouse, «SETI@home Stats», «http:// www.roving-mouse.com/setiathome/» (25 January 2002).

3. Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage, 2000).

4. David P. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential: Beyond Metcalfe's Law to the Power of Community Building», Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999) «http:.//www.contextmag.com/archives/199903/digitalstrategyreedslaw.asp» (1 February 2002).

5. John F. Shoch and Jon A. Hupp, «Notes on the 'Worm' Programs — Some Early Experience with a Distributed Computation», Xerox PARC, September 1980.

6. Ibid., 1. See also: John Branner, Shockwave Rider (New York: Del Rey, 1975), 249-252.

7. Miron Livny and Udi Manber, «Distributed Computation Via Active Messages», IEEE Transactions on Computers 34, 12 (1985): 1185-1190.

8. «Deepest Computation in History for a Yes/No Answer», Technical News Release, 29 September 1999, «http://www.perfsci.com/ F24release.html» (1 February 2002).

9. «GIMPS Finds First Million-Digit Prime, Stakes Claim to $50,000 EFF Award», 30 June 1999, «http://www.mersenne.org/6972593.htm» (30 January 2002).

10. «Distributed Computing for Global Climate Research at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory», «http://www.climate-dynamics.rl.ac.uk/ index.html» (25 January 2002).

11. United Devices, «http://www.ud.com/» (1 February 2002).

12. «The United Devices Cancer Research Program», «http://www.intel.com/cure/united.htm» (23 December 2001).

13. Henry Norr, «Idle Computer Time Can Fight Cancer», San Francisco Chronicle, 4 April 2001, Bl.

14. Paul Marks, «Anthrax Screensaver Finds Promising New Drugs», NewScientist.com, 19 February 2002, «http://www.newscientist.com/ news/news.jsp?id=ns99991953» (19 February 2002).

15. Google Compute, «http://toolbar. google.com/dc/faq_dc.html» (6 March 2002).

16. Harry McCracken, «The Digital Century», PC World, December 1999, «http://www.pcworld.com/resource/article.asp?aid=13531» (5 February 2002).

17. Matt Richtel, «With Napster Down, Its Audience Fans Out», New York Times, 20 July 2001, «http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/20/ college/coll20MUSI.html» (2 February 2002); Ron Harris, «Technology: Copyright Laws at Stake in Napster Case», Nando Times, 2 March 2001, «http://archive.nandotimes.eom/technology/story/0,1643,500458967500698582503788773-0,00.html» (5 February 2002).

18. Dan Bricklin, «The Cornucopia of the Commons», in Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001).

19. Ashlee Vance, «Napster Serenades Songwriters, Ready to End Lawsuit», Unlimited Net, 26 September 2001, «http://www.unlimited.net.nz/unlimited/unlimited.nsf/ArchiveByAuthor/3CC3423C3EA87267CC256AD2006D2BA9?OpenDocument» (5 February 2002).

20. «Napster Offers $1 Billion to Settle Suit», CNN.com, 21 February 2001, «http://www.cnn.com/2001/LAW/02/20/napster.settlement.03/» (5 February 2002).

21. Gene Kan [1977-2002], «Gnutella», in Peer-to-Peer Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001); «What Is Gnutella?» Gnutella News, «http://www.gnutellanews.com/information/what_is_gnutella.shtml» (2 February 2002).

22. Nullsoft, Inc., «http://www.nullsoft.com/» (29 January 2002).

23. David E. Weekly, «Client as Server: The New Model», Freshmeat. net, 16 April 2000, «http://freshmeat.net/articles/view/155/» (2 February 2002).

24. Gnutella News.

25. Kelly Truelove, «Gnutella and the Transient Web», OpenP2P.com, 22 March 2001, «http://www.openp2p.eom/pub/a/p2p/2001/03/22/traelove.html» (17 January 2002).

26. Eytan Adar and Bernardo A. Huberman, «Free Riding on Gnutella», First Monday 5, 10 (2000), «http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue5_ 10/adar/index.html» (2 February 2002).

27. Mojo Nation, «http://www.mojonation.net/» (23 January 2002).

28. Steven Johnson, «The Taste Test», Feed, 8 May 2001, «http:// www.feedmag.com/templates/default.php3?a_id=1703» (23 December 2001).

29. Lou Gerstner, addressing the eBusiness Conference Expo in New York City, 12 December 2000, «http://www.ibm.com/lvg/1212.phtml» (2 February 2002).

30. Michelle Delio, «The Grid Draws Its Battle Lines», Wired News, 20 February 2002, «http://www.wired.com/news/technol-ogy/0,1282,50538,00.html» (29 March 2002).

31. Ian Foster, «Internet Computing and the Emerging Grid», Nature, 7 December 2000, «http://www.nature.com/nature/webmatters/grid/ grid.html» (23 November 2001).

32. John Markoff, «The Soul of the Ultimate Machine», New York Times, 12 December 2000, «http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/10/ technology/10SMAR.html» (24 January 2002).

33. Steve Lohr, «IBM Making a Commitment to Next Phase of the Internet», New York Times, 2 August 2001, «http://www.nytimes. com/2001/08/02/technology/02BLUE.html»

34. Ann Harrison, «The Crime of Distributed Computing», Register, 12 December 2001, «http://www.theregister.co.Uk/content/6/23477.html» (1 February 2002).

35. Steven Bonisteel, «Criminal Charges Settled in Distributed-Com-puting Case», Newsbytes, 17 January 2002, «http://www.newsbytes.com/ news/02/173751.html».

36. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House 2001).

Глава 4

1. Epigraph: Mark Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century», Scientific American, September 1991, p. 94-104. «http://www.ubiq.corn/ hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html», 2 February 2002.

2. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (New York: Simon amp; Schuster, 1985).

3. Joel Garreau, «You Are So Here», Washington Post, 19 August 2001: COl, «http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33379-2001Augl9.html» (22 January 2002).

4. «Sensor Networks for Healthcare, the Environment, and Homeland Defense», «http://www.soe.ucsd.edu/Research_Review/agenda.html» (1 January 2002).

5. Saikat Chatterjee, «Netravali Sees a Networked Sphere in Ten Years», Business Times, The Times of India, New Delhi, 9 June 2000.

6. M. Weiser, R. Gold, and J. S. Brown, «The Origins of Ubiquitous Computing Research at PARC in the Late 1980s», IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1999): 693-696, «http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/384/ weiser.html» (2 February 2002).

7. Mark Weiser, «Ubiquitous Computing», «http://www.ubiq.com/ hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html» (29 January 2002).

8. Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century».

9. «The Trojan Room Coffee Machine», «http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ coffee/eoffee.html» (22 January 2002).

10. Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century».

11. Howard Rheingold, Virtual Reality (New York: Summit, 1991).

12. Myron Krueger, Artificial Reality (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1983).

13. Myron Krueger, «Responsive Environments», NCC Proceedings, 1977, 422-433.

14. Warren Robinett, «Electronic Expansion of Human Perception», Whole Earth Review, Fall 1991, 16-21.

15. Alex Pentland, «The Dance of Bits and Atoms», «http://www.white.media.mit.edu/people/sandy/profile.html» (2 February 2002).

16. Ivan E. Sutherland, «The Ultimate Display», Proceedings of 1FIPS Congress, 2 May 1965, 506-508.

17. Alex P. Pentland, «Smart Rooms», Scientific American 274 (April 1996): 68-76, «http://www.sciam.com/0496issue/0496pentland.html» (11 December 2001).

18. Elisa Batista, «Big Blue's Big Brother Lab», Wired News, 24 April 2001, «http://www.wired.eom/news/technology/0,1282,43186,00.htrnl» (24 February 2002).

19. J. C. Spohrer, «Information in Places», IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1996), «http://www.research.ibm.com/jouraal/sj/384/spohrer.html» (24 November 2001).

20. Ivan E. Sutherland, «Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System», Proceedings of the Spring Joint Computer Conference, Detroit, Michigan, May 1963, and MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report #296, January 1963.

21. Ivan E. Sutherland, «A Head-Mounted Three-Dimensional Display», AFIPS Conference Proceedings 33, Part I, 1968, 757-764.

22. S. Feiner, B. Maclntyre, and D. Seligmann, «Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality», Communications of the ACM 36 (July 1993): 52-62.

23. Spohrer, «Information in Places».

24. Per Persson and Fredrik Espinoza, «GeoNotes: Social Enhancement of Physical Space», ERCIM News 47, October 2001, «http://www.ercim.org/ publication/Ercirn_News/enw47/persson.html» (2 February 2002).

25. Jun Rekimoto, Yuji Ayatsuka, and Kazutera Hayashi, «Augment-able Reality: Situated Communication through Physical and Digital Spaces», Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computing, 1998, «http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto/papers/ iswc98.pdf» (22 December 2001).

26. Ismail Haritaoglu, «InfoScope: Link from Real World to Digital Information Space», in Ubicomp 2001: Ubiquitous Computing. Third International Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, September 30-October 2, 2001: Proceedings, ed. Gregory С Abowd, Barry Bromitt, and Steven A. Shafer, 247-255. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2201, Springer 2001, «http:// link.springer.de/link/service/series/0558/papers/2201/22010247.pdf»

27. Salil Pradhan et al, «Websigns: Hyperlinking Physical Locations to the Web», IEEE Computer 34 (August 2001): 42-46.

28. Steven Feiner et al., «A Touring Machine: Prototyping 3D Mobile Augmented Reality Systems for Exploring the Urban Environment», Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Wearable Computers (1997): 74-81, «http://www.computer.org/conferen/proceed/8192/ pdf/81920074.pdf» (5 February 2002).

29. Scott Fisher, «Environmental Media: Linking Virtual Environments to the Physical World», Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Mixed Reality, Yokohama, Japan, March 2001, «http:// www.wem.sfc.keio.ac.jp/wern/RawMedia/Fisher.pdf» (3 February 2002).

30. David S. Bennahum, «Be Here Now», Wired 9.11, November 2001, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/9.11/location.html» (3 February 2002).

31. Garreau, «You Are So Here».

32. «Direction Finding CDMA Handset from KDDI», 27 February 2002, «http://www.cellular-news.com/story/5932.shtml» (6 March 2002).

33. Universal Design of Digital City Project Overview, «http//www.digitalcity.jst.go.jp/about-e.html» (3 February 2002).

34. Risto Linturi, Marja-Riitta Koivunen, and Jari Sulkanen, «Helsinki Arena 2000-Augmenting a Real City to a Virtual One», Digital Cities 2000 83-96, «http://www.linturi.fi/HelsinkiArena2000/» (11 January 2001).

35. The Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS), «http://www.citris.berkeley.edu/about_citris.html» (3 February 2002).

36. Wade Roush, «Networking the Infrastructure», Technology Review, December 2001, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/roushl201.asp» (11 December 2001).

37. Russ Adams, «Bar Code History Page», BarCode 1, 16 (March 2001), «http://www.adamsl.com/pub/rassadam/history.html» (3 February 2002); See also: «The Origins of a Bar Code», Uniform Code Council, 2002, «http://www.uc-council.org/about_ucc/uc_bar_code_origin.html» (11 January 2002).

38. Charlie Schmidt, «Beyond the Bar Code», Technology Review, March 2001, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/schmidt0301. asp» (6 January 2002).

39. Barpoint, «http://www.barpoint.com» (3 February 2002).

40. «Organic Transistors and the Death of the Bar Code», Berkeley Engineering Lab Votes 2 (February — March 2002), «http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes/0202/barcode.html» (29 March 2002).

41. Auto-ID Center, «http://www.autoidcenter.org/main.asp» (29 March 2002).

42. Junko Yoshida, «Euro Bank Notes to Embed RFID Chips by 2005», ЕЕ Times, 19 December 2001, «http://www.eet.com/story/OEG20011219S0016» (29 January 2002).

43. Wes Vernon, «Latest Privacy Nightmare: Money That Tracks You», NewsMax.com, 28 July 2001, «http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles /2001/7/27/212324.shtml» (3 February 2002).

44. Will Knight, «Tiny Radio Chip Gives Paper an ID», New Scientist, 4 July 2001, «http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns9999967» (3 February 2002); «Hitachi Announces Worlds Smallest RFID 1С, the mu-chip», 5 July 2001, «http://www.hitachi.com/products/electronic/ semiconductorcomponent/elecrfid/» (5 February 2002).

45. Kris Pister, Joe Kahn, and Bernhard Boser, «Smart Dust: Autonomous Sensing and Communication in a Cubic Millimeter», Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, «http://www.-bsac.EECS.Berkeley.EDU/~pister/ SmartDust/» (2 February 2002).

46. Duncan Graham-Rowe, «Dust Bugs», New Scientist, 28 August 1999, «http://www.-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/~warneke/research/press/ newscientist.html» (30 January 2002).

47. Jack Smith, «Computer in a Speck of Dust», ABCNEWS.com, 22 November 1999, «http://www.rense.com/politics5/minitech_p.htm» (3 February 2002).

48. Jun Rekimoto, «NaviCam: A Magnifying Glass Approach to Augmented Reality Systems», Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6, 4 (1997): 339-412.

49. Jun Rekimoto, «http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto.html» (3 February 2002).

50. Neil Gershenfeld, When Things Start to Think (New York: Henry Holt, 1999).

51. William Butera, «Programming a Paintable Computer», (Ph. D. diss, MIT, 2002), «http://web.media.mit.edu/~vmb/papers/buteraphd.pdf» (July 2002).

52. Gershenfeld, When Things Start to Think, 10.

53. Steve Mann and Hal Niedzviecki, Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer (Mississauga: Doubleday Canada, 2001), 30.

54. «A Brief History of Wearable Computing», «http://wearables.www.media.mit.edu/projects/wearables/lizzy/timeliiie.html#1989» (3 February 2002).