Reviewing the sampling higher above of irresponsible denunciations submitted to the Deschenes
      Commission, we note that four of them were submitted by Sol Littman, suggesting that in the full
      list of denunciations, his contribution would have been substantial. (2) The Sol Littman
      Mengele scare immediately above. (3) My 27May98 letter to Demjanjuk persecutor Neal Sher, in
      which I present data supporting the conclusion that Neal Sher and Sol Littman are members of a
      subculture who lie not only to those who are not members of their subculture, but to each other
      as well, thus steeping themselves in untruths. Still more information is available on a web
      site unconnected to UKAR devoted exclusively to exposing Sol Littman. Given the present UKAR
      disclosure of Sol Littman's irresponsibility, and given the similar disclosure on other sites on
      the Internet, as the one cited above, it is little wonder that Sol Littman is today a leading
      exponent for society bestowing upon him (and others like him) the power to suppress information
      on the Internet when he decides (or they decide) that it expresses "hate." Perhaps a suspicion
      that it would be healthy to occasionally entertain is that those who call loudest for the
      suppression of information may be those with the most to hide.
      Salem's Was Not the Last Witch Hunt
      Surely the above data convinces us that many of the horrors that we all despise - that even Mr.
      Safer might profess to despise - are being realized as contemporary actualities. Slanderous and
      unfounded allegations. Anonymous letters of accusation. Government agencies investigating
      people for no other reason than that someone has submitted their names. McCarthyism. A witch
      hunt. Individuals accused of having committed war crimes while they were still in diapers. And
      instead of standing back from this mass hysteria or exposing it, 60 Minutes has chosen instead
      to play a contributory role.
      The Deschenes Commission cites 31 newspaper accounts between 1971 and 1986 of Nazi war criminals
      residing in Canada, and points out that this list is not exhaustive. Decades of coverage of
      such sensational accusations leaves a permanent impression on the minds of the public, while the
      Deschenes Commission refutation takes place only once, and does not carry the same lurid
      appeal. The net effect is a propaganda victory for the false accusers. 60 Minutes is making
      its contribution to this phenomenon - its false accusations in "The Ugly Face of Freedom" were
      long and sensational and will be remembered by many, its retraction will be short and dull and
      will be remembered by few. 60 Minutes hands Ukrainophobes another victory.
      Letters to Simon Wiesenthal
      I have written a number of letters to Simon Wiesenthal asking for his clarification on the
      issues raised above, and on other issues relating to his credibility and to his calumniation of
      Ukraine. These letters can be found by clicking the above link. Other material relating to
      Simon Wiesenthal can be found scattered throughout the UKAR site, and can be located using the
      Internal Search Engine whose link can be found on the Home Page. One item particularly worth
      mentioning might be my sixth letter to Michael Jordan, Chairman of Westinghouse. Following
      examination of any of these materials, clicking BACK on your browser will return you to this
      location (if your browsing trail has not been too long).
      CONTENTS:
      Preface
      The Galicia Division
      Quality of Translation
      Ukrainian Homogeneity
      Were Ukrainians Nazis?
      Simon Wiesenthal
      What Happened in Lviv?
      Nazi Propaganda Film
      Collective Guilt
      Paralysis of the Comparative
      Function
      60 Minutes' Cheap Shots
      Ukrainian Anti-Semitism
      Jewish Ukrainophobia
      Mailbag
      A Sense of Responsibility
      What 60 Minutes Should Do
      PostScript
      What Happened in Lviv?
      According to Simon Wiesenthal on the 60 Minutes broadcast, in three days following the
      evacuation of the Communist forces and before the arrival of the German troops, Ukrainian police
      killed between five and six thousand Jews:
      SAFER: He [Simon Wiesenthal] remembers that even before the Germans arrived,
      Ukrainian police went on a 3-day killing spree.
      WIESENTHAL: And in this 3 days in Lvov alone between 5 and 6 thousand Jews was
      killed.
      ...
      SAFER: But even before the Germans entered Lvov, the Ukrainian militia, the
      police, killed 3,000 people in 2 days here.
      Some 60 Minutes viewers may have been struck by the curious observation that while the 60
      Minutes expert witness - Simon Wiesenthal - claimed that the number of Jews killed was "between
      5 and 6 thousand," in three days, the interviewer - Morley Safer chose to reduce that number
      killed to "3,000" and the duration of the killing to two days - but without informing the viewer
      on what grounds he did so.
      Let us begin our examination of this claim by reviewing the historical context.
      Historical Context of the Lviv Pogrom
      Eight Years Previously. Although Western Ukraine was spared the induced famine of 1932-1933 in
      which some six million Ukrainians perished, Western Ukrainians were nevertheless aware of the
      famine in adjacent Soviet Ukraine and aware that it was administered at the top by Lazar
      Kaganovich, a Jew, and was supported at the bottom by cadres, many said to be Jewish, who moved
      from village to village confiscating grain and livestock.
      During the previous 21 months. Western Ukraine was annexed by Soviet forces in 1939 for a
      period of 21 months until the Germans arrived in 1941. What was the experience of Western
      Ukrainians under Russian communism? It was traumatic. On top of suppression of culture and
      confiscation of property, there was terror:
      The most widespread and feared measure was deportation. Without warning,
      without trial, even without formal accusation, thousands of alleged "enemies of
      the people" were arrested, packed into cattle cars, and shipped to Siberia and
      Kazakhstan to work as slave laborers under horrible conditions. Many of these
      deportees, including entire families, perished. ... According to Metropolitan
      Andrei Sheptytsky, the Soviets deported about 400,000 Ukrainians from Galicia
      alone. ... West Ukrainians found their first exposure to the Soviet system to
      be a generally negative experience and many concluded that "Bolshevik" rule had
      to be avoided at all costs. (Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, 1994, pp.
      456-457)
      Vasyl Hryshko (Experience with Russia, 1956, p. 117) puts the number killed or deported in
      Western Ukraine during the Soviet occupation at 750,000. It was commonly perceived by
      Ukrainians that Jews were disproportionately represented among the Communists inflicting this
      suffering upon Ukraine.
      During the preceding few days. As the Soviets retreated, the NKVD perceived by Ukrainians to
      be manned disproportionately by Jews - went on a killing spree. Concerning this event, there
      seems to be widespread agreement. Particularly relevant to our discussion, is that even Simon
      Wiesenthal can be found adding his voice of assent in the fifth of the series of quotations
      below:
      While the movement to the East was taking place, the NKVD carried out mass
      arrests and executions, chiefly of Ukrainians - especially those who tried to
      avoid evacuation. In the jails most prisoners whose period of imprisonment was
      more than three years were shot; others were evacuated if possible. In several
      cities the NKVD burned prisons with prisoners in them. (Volodymyr Kubijovyc,
      editor, Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopaedia, University of Toronto Press, Toronto,
      1963, Volume I, p. 878, Vsevolod Holubnychy and H. M. wrote this section)
      The Bolsheviks succeeded in annihilating some 10,000 political prisoners in
      Western Ukraine before and after the outbreak of hostilities (massacres took
      place in the prisons in Lviv, Zolochiv, Rivne, Dubno, Lutsk, etc.). (Volodymyr
      Kubijovyc, editor, Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopaedia, University of Toronto
      Press, Toronto, Volume 1, p. 886)
      Before fleeing the German advance the Soviet occupational regime murdered
      thousands of Ukrainian civilians, mainly members of the city's [Lviv's]
      intelligentsia. (Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Volume 3, p. 222)
      The Soviets' hurried retreat had tragic consequences for thousands of political
      prisoners in the jails of Western Ukraine. Unable to evacuate them in time,
      the NKVD slaughtered their prisoners en masse during the week of 22-29 June
      1941, regardless of whether they were incarcerated for major or minor
      offenses. Major massacres occurred in Lviv, Sambir, and Stanyslaviv in
      Galicia, where about 10,000 prisoners died, and in Rivne and Lutsk in Volhynia,
      where another 5000 perished. Coming on the heels of the mass deportations and
      growing Soviet terror, these executions added greatly to the West Ukrainians'
      abhorrence of the Soviets. (Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, 1994, p. 461)
      When the German attack came on 22 June the Soviets had no time to take with
      them the people they had locked up. So they simply killed them. Thousands of
      detainees were shot dead in their cells by the retreating Soviets. (Simon
      Wiesenthal, Justice Not Vengeance, 1989, p. 35)
      Right after the entry we were shown 2,400 dead bodies of Ukrainians liquidated
      with a shot at the scruff of the neck at the city jail of Lemberg [Lviv] by the
      Soviets prior to their marching off. (Hans Frank, In the Face of the Gallows,
      p. 406)
      In Lvov, several thousand prisoners had been held in three jails. When the
      Germans arrived on 29 June, the city stank, and the prisons were surrounded by
      terrified relatives. Unimaginable atrocities had occurred inside. The prisons
      looked like abattoirs. It had taken the NKVD a week to complete their gruesome
      task before they fled. (Gwyneth Hughes and Simon Welfare, Red Empire: The
      Forbidden History of the USSR, 1990, p. 133)
      We learned that, before the Russian troops had left, a very great number of
      Lemberg citizens, Ukrainians and Polish inhabitants of other towns and
      villages had been killed in this prison and in other prisons. Furthermore,
      there were many corpses of German men and officers, among them many Air Corps
      officers, and many of them were found mutilated. There was a great bitterness
      and excitement among the Lemberg population against the Jewish sector of the
      population. (Erwin Schulz, from May until 26 September, 1941 Commander of
      Einsatzkommando 5, a subunit of Einsatzgruppe C, in John Mendelsohn, editor,
      The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes, Garland, New York,
      1982, Volume 18, p. 18)
      On the next day, Dr. RASCH informed us to the effect that the killed people in
      Lemberg amounted to about 5,000. It has been determined without any doubt
      that the arrests and killings had taken place under the leadership of Jewish
      functionaries and with the participation of the Jewish inhabitants of
      Lemberg. That was the reason why there was such an excitement against the
      Jewish population on the part of the Lemberg citizens. (Erwin Schulz, from
      May until 26 September, 1941 Commander of Einsatzkommando 5, a subunit of
      Einsatzgruppe C, in John Mendelsohn, editor, The Holocaust: Selected Documents
      in Eighteen Volumes, Garland, New York, 1982, Volume 18, p. 18)
      Chief of Einsatzgruppe B reports that Ukrainian insurrection movements were
      bloodily suppressed by the NKVD on June 25, 1941 in Lvov. About 3,000 were
      shot by NKVD. Prison burning. Hardly 20% of Ukrainian intelligentsia has
      remained. (Operational Situation Report USSR No. 10, July 2, 1941, in Yitzhak
      Arad, Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Spector, The Einsatzgruppen Reports:
      Selections from the Dispatches of the Nazi Death Squads' Campaign Against the
      Jews July 1941-January 1943, Holocaust Library, New York, 1989, p. 2)
      Location: Lvov
      According to reliable information, the Russians, before withdrawing, shot
      30,000 inhabitants. The corpses piled up and burned at the GPU prisons are
      dreadfully mutilated. The population is greatly excited: 1,000 Jews have
      already been forcefully gathered together. (Operational Situation Report USSR
      No. 11, July 3, 1941, in Yitzhak Arad, Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Spector,
      The Einsatzgruppen Reports: Selections from the Dispatches of the Nazi Death
      Squads' Campaign Against the Jews July 1941-January 1943, Holocaust Library,
      New York, 1989, p. 4)
      Location: Zviahel (Novograd-Volynski)
      ...
      Before leaving, the Bolsheviks, together with the Jews, murdered several
      Ukrainians; as an excuse, they used the attempted Ukrainian uprising of June
      25, 1941, which tried to free their prisoners.
      According to reliable information, about 20,000 Ukrainians have disappeared
      from Lvov, 80% of them belonging to the intelligentsia.
      The prisons in Lvov were crammed with the bodies of murdered Ukrainians.
      According to a moderate estimate, in Lvov alone 3-4,000 persons were either
      killed or deported.
      In Dobromil, 82 dead bodies were found, 4 of them Jews. The latter were
      former Bolsheviki informers who had been killed because of their complicity in
      this act. Near Dobromil an obsolete salt mine pit was discovered. It was
      completely filled with dead bodies. In the immediate neighborhood, there is a
      6X15m mass grave. The number of those murdered in the Dobromil area is
      estimated to be approximately several hundred.
      In Sambor on June 26, 1941, about 400 Ukrainians were shot by the
      Bolsheviks. An additional 120 persons were murdered on June 27, 1941. The
      remaining 80 prisoners succeeded in overpowering the Soviet guards, and fled.
      ...
      As early as 1939, a larger number of Ukrainians was shot, and 1,500
      Ukrainians as well as 500 Poles were deported to the east.
      Russians and Jews committed these murders in very cruel ways. Bestial
      mutilations were daily occurrences. Breasts of women and genitals of men were
      cut off. Jews have also nailed children to the wall and then murdered them.
      Killing was carried out by shots in the back of the neck. Hand grenades were
      frequently used for these murders.
      In Dobromil, women and men were killed with blows by a hammer used to stun
      cattle before slaughter.
      In many cases, the prisoners must have been tortured cruelly: bones were
      broken, etc. In Sambor, the prisoners were gagged and thus prevented from
      screaming during torture and murder. The Jews, some of whom also held official
      positions, in addition to their economic supremacy, and who served in the
      entire Bolshevik police, were always partners in these atrocities.
      Finally, it was established that seven [German] pilots who had been
      captured were murdered. Three of them were found in a Russian military
      hospital where they had been murdered in bed by shots in the abdomen. ...
      ... Prior to their withdrawal, the Bolsheviks shot 2,800 out of 4,000
      Ukrainians imprisoned in the Lutsk prison. According to the statement of 19
      Ukrainians who survived the slaughter with more or less serious injuries, the
      Jews again played a decisive part in the arrests and shooting. ...
      The investigations at Zlochev proved that the Russians, prior to their
      withdrawal, arrested and murdered indiscriminately a total of 700 Ukrainians,
      but, nevertheless, included the entire [local] Ukrainian intelligentsia.
      (Operational Situation Report USSR No. 24, July 16, 1941, in Yitzhak Arad,
      Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Spector, The Einsatzgruppen Reports: Selections
      from the Dispatches of the Nazi Death Squads' Campaign Against the Jews July
      1941-January 1943, Holocaust Library, New York, 1989, p. 29-33)
      Location: Pleskau [Pskov] ...
      The population is in general convinced that it is mostly the Jews who
      should be held responsible for the atrocities that are committed everywhere.
      ...
      As it was learned that the Russians before they left have either deported
      the Ukrainian intelligentsia, or executed them, that is, murdered them, it is
      assumed that in the last days before the retreat of the Russians, about 100
      influential Ukrainians were murdered [in Pleskau]. So far the bodies have not
      been found - a search has been initiated.
      About 100-150 Ukrainians were murdered by the Russians in Kremenets. Some
      of these Ukrainians are said to have been thrown into cauldrons of boiling
      water. This has been deduced from the fact that the bodies were found without
      skin when they were exhumed. ...
      ... Before leaving Dubno, the Russians, as they had done in Lvov,
      committed extensive mass-murder.
      ... Before their flight [from Tarnopol], as in Lvov and Dubno, the
      Russians went on a rampage there. Disinterments revealed 10 bodies of German
      soldiers. Almost all of them had their hands tied behind their backs with
      wire. The bodies revealed traces of extremely cruel mutilations such as gouged
      eyes, severed tongues and limbs.
      The number of Ukrainians who were murdered by the Russians, among them
      women and children, is set finally at 600. Jews and Poles were spared by the
      Russians. The Ukrainians estimate the total number of [Tarnopol] victims since
      the occupation of the Ukraine by the Russians at about 2,000. The planned
      deportation of the Ukrainians already started in 1939. There is hardly a
      family in Tarnopol from which one or several members have not disappeared.
      ... The entire Ukrainian intelligentsia is destroyed. Since the beginning of
      the war, 160 members of the Ukrainian intelligentsia were either murdered or
      deported. Inhabitants of the town had observed a column of about 1,000
      civilians driven out of town by police and army early in the morning of July 1,
      1941.
      As in Lvov, torture chambers were discovered in the cellars of the Court of
      Justice. Apparently, hot and cold showers were also used here (as in Lemberg
      [Lviv]) for torture, as several bodies were found, totally naked, their skin
      burst and torn in many places. A grate was found in another room, made of wire
      and set above the ground about 1m in height, traces of ashes were found
      underneath. A Ukrainian engineer, who was also to be murdered but saved his
      life by smearing the blood of a dead victim over his face, reports that one
      could also hear screams of pain from women and girls. (Operational Situation
      Report USSR No. 28, July 20, 1941, in Yitzhak Arad, Shmuel Krakowski, and
      Shmuel Spector, The Einsatzgruppen Reports: Selections from the Dispatches of
      the Nazi Death Squads' Campaign Against the Jews July 1941-January 1943,
      Holocaust Library, New York, 1989, p.38-40)
      F. Fedorenko
      MY TESTIMONY
      When the bolsheviks retreated before the German onslaught in the Second
      World War they took care in advance not to leave any prisoners behind when the
      Germans arrived.
      The prisoners were driven, en masse, under heavy NKVD guard deep into
      Russia or Siberia, day and night. Many of them were so tired that they could
      go no further. These were shot without compunction where they fell. Terrible
      things happened then. Sometimes, wives recognized their husbands among the
      evacuees, as the prisoners were being driven through the villages. There was
      great despair when they saw their loved ones taken under the muzzles of
      automatic guns, to far, unknown places.
      The villagers took care of those who did not die at once from the NKVD
      bullets, but this was a very dangerous thing to do before all the bolsheviks
      cleared out.
      But the NKVD could not evacuate all the prisoners, there were so many arrests,
      and jails were replenished constantly. In such a case the NKVD, before making
      a hasty retreat, would murder the prisoners in their cells.
      I recall that when the Germans came, in the fall of 1941, to a little town,
      Chornobil, on the Prypyat River, 62 miles west of Kiev, 52 corpses of recently
      murdered people, slightly covered with earth, were found in the prison yeard.
      These corpses had their hands tied at the back with wire; some had their backs
      flayed, others had gouged eyes or nails driven into their heels; still others
      had their noses, ears, tongues and even genitals cut away. Instruments of
      torture which the communists used were found in the dungeon of the prison.
      Many of the tortured people were identified because they were mostly farmers
      from the local collectives who had been arrested by the NKVD for some unknown
      reason.
      For instance, one girl (whose name I cannot recall now) from the village of
      Zallissya, a mile and a quarter from Chornobil, was arrested because one day
      she failed to go to dig trenches. All were compelled at that time, to dig
      anti-tank trenches. The girl was sick but there was no doctor to examine her
      and the NKVD arrested her, never to return.
      Two days later, when the Germans arrived, she was found among the fifty-two
      corpses. (F. Fedorenko, My Testimony, in The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A
      White Book, Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist Terror,
      Toronto, 1953, pp. 97-98)
      Andriy Vodopyan
      CRIME IN STALINE
      In this ciy in the NKVD prison factory the communists executed 180 persons
      and buried them in two holes dug in the prison yard. The corpses were
      liberally treated with unslaked lime, especially the faces.
      My brother was sentenced to three months in jail for coming late to work.
      After serving 18 days in the factory prison he was set free, and a month later
      was drafted to the Red Army because this was in July 1941.
      Later, his wife and my mother found him among the corpses, identifying him by
      the left hand finger, underwear and papers he had on him.
      This atrocity came to light when prisoners who remained alive were liberated.
      They had also a very close call. Six days before the arrival of the German
      troops they heard muffled shots.
      The prison was secretly mined by NKVD agents in preparation for the German
      invaders. (Andriy Vodopyan, Crime in Staline, in The Black Deeds of the
      Kremlin: A White Book, Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian Communist
      Terror, Toronto, 1953, p. 121)
      Yuriy Dniprovy
      INNOCENT VICTIMS
      In the little town of Zolotnyky in the Ternopil region the bolsheviks
      murdered a captain of the former Ukrainian Galician Army (UHA) of 1918-1922,
      Mr. Dankiw, and clerks of the Ukrainian cooperative store, the sisters
      Magdalene, Sophia and Clementine Husar from the suburb of Vaha. Clementine and
      Magdalene were tortured in a beastly manner and had their breats cut off.
      Other people executed at that time were: Slavko Demyd, Yosyp Vozny, Vasyl
      Burbela, Zynoviy Kushniryna, Pavlo Kushniryna and a non-commissioned officer of
      the UHA, Mr. Tsiholsky. (Yuriy Dniprovy, Innocent Victims, in The Black Deeds
      of the Kremlin: A White Book, Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian
      Communist Terror, Toronto, 1953, p. 122)
      P. K.
      THE INFERNAL DEVICE OF THE RUSSIAN COMMUNISTS
      (By an eyewitness) In the year 1942, when the Red Army, harassed by the
      German divisions, retreated from Katerynodar (Krasnodar), the regional NKVD
      division evacuated all the prisoners and sent them in the direction of
      Novorossiysk. The railway line between Katerynodar and the station of Krymska
      was jammed by nearly two hundred freight boxcars filled to capacity with
      political prisoners.
      Suspecting that all these prisoners might fall into German hands the
      Russian NKVD men, as a precautionary measure, poured gasoline on the cars and
      let them burn.
      Thus a few thousand people perished in inhuman torture merely because they
      were suspected of anti-communism.
      When the Germans entered Katerynodar they found in the regional divisional
      building of the NKVD in Sinny Bazar, a horrible torture chamber. In the vault
      of this building there was a dark passage which ended with a wooden platform
      which dipped down at a sharp angle. Right underneath it there was a machine
      which resembled a straw chopper. It was a disk equipped with a system of big
      knives that revolved at great speed. It was powered by a motor.
      After questioning, the innocent victims were driven by the NKVD agents
      towards the wooden platform and rolled under the knives of the hellish
      meatchopper. The chopped bones and flesh of the victims fell into the sewers
      and were carried away with a stream of sewage into the river Kuban.
      Having discovered this horrible place, the Germans gave permission to all
      who wished to view this inhuman device. Thousands of people visited the place,
      among them the author of these lines.
      Other nations direct their talents towards the discovery of better
      medicines, new materials, better means of communication to make living
      conditions better. The Russian people are using all their talents for the
      production of machines and new methods of mass murder and torture. (P. K., The
      infernal device of the Russian Communists (by an eyewitness), in The Black
      Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book, Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian
      Communist Terror, Toronto, 1953, pp. 123-124)
      M. Kowal
      BOLSHEVIK MURDERS
      I am Michael Kowal, from the town of Kaminka Strumylova in the Lviw Region
      in Ukraine. During the communist occupation of Western Ukraine I personally
      witnessed three arrests in my native town on June 22, 1941, those of Bohdan
      Mulkevich, and Michael Mulkevich who lived on Zamok Street, and Michael
      Mulkevich's blacksmith apprentice, presumably from the village of Rymaniw in
      the same Region. They were suspected of disloyalty to the communist regime.
      After th communist retreat from Kaminska-Strumylova they were found in the
      town prison with 33 other victims, murdered in a horribly sadistic manner. All
      the corpses were tied together with barbed wire and all bore signs of terrible
      beatings. Some had nails driven into their skulls. None of them had been shot
      to death. Their bodies, nude and badly mauled, were practically unrecognizable
      to their relatives.
      Bohdan Mulkevish's wife recognized her husband, but, trying to verify her
      identification by his gold teeth, found them missing. All the bodies were
      taken away fro interment.
      That Same day 19 other bodies were discovered near the village of Todan
      about 9 or 10 kilometers from Kaminka-Strumylova. They were tied to trees and
      their chests were pierced with bayonets. These were all identified by
      relatives and taken away for burial. (M. Kowal, Bolshevik Murders, in The
      Black Deeds of the Kremlin: A White Book, Ukrainian Association of Victims of
      Russian Communist Terror, Toronto, 1953, p. 529)
      Andriy Vodopyan
      A RAVINE FILLED WITH THE BODIES OF CHILDREN
      I was serving in the Soviet Russian Army. Our artillery unit was
      retreating before the Germans in the direction of Yeletsk. On September 18,
      1941, our unit came to a wide ravine situated about 14 miles from Chartsysk
      station, and about 60 miles from the city of Staline. The ravine stretched
      from the station of Chartsysk to the station of Snizhy. When we approached the
      ravine we were taken aback by a horrible sight. The whole ravine was filled
      with the bodies of children. They were lying in different positions. Most of
      them were from 14 to 16 years of age. They were dressed in black, and we
      recognized them as students of the F.S.U., a well-known trade and craft
      school. We counted 370 bodies altogether. All of them had been killed by
      machine gun fire.
      This group of children was being evacuated from Staline when the Germans
      neared the city. The children had marched 60 miles, and, exhausted and unable
      to continue walking, asked for transportation. The officers in charge promised
      to send them trucks. Instead of trucks, a detachment of the Russian political