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(, , , ). , , (Les Champignons Hallucinogenes du Mexique), , . , , . , , .
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, , - Stropharia cubensis. , , , , , . , , , . , .
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6000 . ., , , , . , , . , , , , . , .
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, , 10 , -: , 4 . , , , , , .
, , . , , , , , . , , , . : , , . .
( ) -; ; (kernoi) ; , , ; anaktoron , ; , ; , ; : , , , 唅 , 20 , . , , , . / Persson, op. cit., p. 150/
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, , , , . , , , .
, - 1977 , , , . , , , , (ergot).
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, - . , , . , , . , , ?
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, , , , . , --,Stropharia cubensis - , - , .
, -, : , ; , . , , 10 000 , , . . , . , , , .
, , , . , , , , .
, , , . . , .
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, , . , , . , . , . . , , , , , : .
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, , , - . , , .
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, , . . ; , , , .
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, , , ( ) . , , , .
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, - , . , -. . .
, , . . , , . , , , , , . / E. S. Drower, Water into Wine (London: John Murray. 1956), p. 7/
, , (), , , . , , , , .
. 14%, , , . , . , , , . , , . (resin) , , , , .
, . , . ( , , , ). , , .
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, . , , , - . , , . , , . - , , , . , , , , .
, . , . ? , , . , , .
, . , , , . , , . , , . , , . / Ronald . Siegel, Intoxication (New York: E. P. Dutton. 1989), p. 119/
, , , - , , . , , . ( .) { (spirits) (spiritus) . .}
- IV . . . . , : , ; , , 9 . / James R. Ware, Alchemy, Medicine, Religion in the China of A. D. 320: The Nei Pien of Hung (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press), p. 72/ , , , .
, , . aqua vini . , aqua vini, . / Richard R. Matheson. The Eternal Search: The Story of Man and His Drugs (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1985)/ , , 20 , (. 18). ; , , , . : , . , , . / Charles H. La Wall. The Curious Lore of Drugs and Medicines through the Ages (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1927), p. 158/
, , , , . . , , .
. 18. , Mutus Liber ( ). .
, , , - , . , . . - , . magma mater, , , , .
. , , , , , . - , , .
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. , , , XVIII XIX . . , , , , . , , - , . , -, , , . , -, . , , . , .
? - , , ? , . , , . , . , , , , , , , .
. , . , , , . . , , , . , , . .
. . , . / Lewis Lewin. Phantasiica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1931), p. 190/
, . . , . , , , , .
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. , . ; , .
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, , , . , 685 . .; cannabis. , ; , . , ; , , . . 1940 , , , muggles, mooter, reefer, greefa, griffo, Mary Warner ( ), Mary Weaver (-), Mary jane, Indian hay ( ), loco weed ( ), love weed ( ), joy smoke ( ), giggle smoke ( ), bambalacha, mohasky, mu, moocah. . / .: Robert P. Walton, Marijuana: America's New Drugs Problem (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1938), pp. 188-19
, , . . , .
: . , - . , , , . , .
, , , - , , , . , , , , . , , , 15 000 . ., . , - . chelum - , ( ) , . chelum , , , , .
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, {}, , ; : , , , {}, ; , , , . , , . / , , H. , . (London: George Bell and Sons. 1901), . IV, . 74/
, .
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, , , , , , chelum! - , , , .
, XXVIII . . ., . 220 . . : , , . / Julian quoted in Walton, op. cit., p. 3/
, . , -, . 1000 . ., , , . , . . ., . , , . , . . , XIX , , .
, , . , , , . / J. Campbell Oman, The Mystics, Ascetics, and Saints of India (London: T. Fischer Unwin, 1903)/
, , ? , - - , . - , . , . - .
. , , . , , , , . 60- - , . , , .
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(23-79 . . .) , thalassaegle, potamaugis, .
, . thaengelis, - , , , . . gelotophyllis , . , . / Quoted in Walton, op. cit., p. 8/
(I . .) , . , , . , , . 950 . . , . , .
, , , , , , - . , , : , , ; , , , , - . , . / J. F. de Lacroix, Anecdotes Arabes et Musulmanes, Depuis I'An de J. C. 614 (Paris: Vincent, 1772), p. 534/
, .
: -. . chimbira , . , , , , . , , , - , , . - , . -, . , , ? , . . , . , , . - , , .
. , , , -- , . , , , , , . , , . , (hashishin) (assassin) . , , , .
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, . 175 , , , . . (Description d'Egypte) 24- (1809-1813 .). .
, . , , . XIX . , , . . , .
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1842 .-. 0' , - . , , .
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1845 .-. (Du Hachich et de I'Alienation Mentale). , . , . XIX .
XIX , . , , . , . , . ; , . XIX , , -, , . , . , , 1854 .
. ; , , , , , , . {} ( , ) . , . , , , , . , , . , , . , , , , . , , . , , , , ! , . , , , .
, , , . , , , . , , . , . , , , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , . , ; . , , . , , . / Bayard Taylor, The Lands of the Saracen (New York: G. P. Putnam. 1855). pp. 137-139/
, ; . , , , . , . , , . , , , , , , , .
XIX . , . -, , . , - . .
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, . ., , - , , , , , , , , . ; , - , . / Fitz Hugh Ludlow, The Hasheesh Eater: Being Passage from the Life of a Pythagorean (New York: Harper amp; Brothers, 1857), p. 86/
, -. , , , , . , , - .-. , - . , , .
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, , , , ( ) , . / , pp. 288-289/
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. XVI . , XVIII .
, , , , . . . , . , , , . XIX I .
, , , . . (Saccharum officinarum), , . (531-578 . . .), -, .
( ) - (. shakar shakkar, . sarkara), , , , . , , 527 . 300 . . ., -, . , . / De Lacy CTLeary. How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs (London: Routledge amp; Kegan Paul, 1949), p. 71/
1319 , 1390 . , : , , . , , , , .
.
1550 , , , , . , XVI - 1650 . / Henry Hobhouse, Seeds of Change: Five Plants That Transformed Mankind (new York: Harper amp; Row, 1985). p. 46/
? . , . . , , . , , , . , , . ! , , . , . , .
, . , , . ; . , . .
, .
, , , , , . , , , , . , , ; , , ; , , , . . / Janice Keller Phelps and Alan E. Nourse, The Hidden Addiction and How to Get Free (Boston: Little, Brown, 1986), p. 75/
, -, , XVII-XVIII . - , , . , , , . : , , , , .
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1432 , , , . 60 , . , , , , . , .
. 1443 .
, - , , . , , , . , . / Hobhouse, op. cit., p. 54/
, .
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. , . , . , .
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, .
,
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/ Wallace Stevens, The Collected Poems of Wallace Stevens (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981)/
, . , , , , , , , , . ; , . . , , . , . , , Ilex paraguayensis - - Paullinia yoco - , , .
, , , - , . , , , , .
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: , , , 1650 . . , , , ; . , , . , . , , , , .
1820 ( 30 , ). XVIII XIX . , . , , , 5% , , , . / Hobhouse. op. cit., pp. 96-97/
; 1453 . , , . 1498 .
, , , . , . , - -, . - , , 1600 .
1834 , - , .
- , , , 100 375 , . - 17 800 1800 . - , , , . / Hobhouse. op. cit p. 108/
XVIII , , , . , . , , , , . , , . 16 1773 , . , , . -, , . , .
XIX . . , , : , , . .
, , , , , . , . , , , , , . , , 500 , . , .
. , , , XVI . XVIII , . , , . , .
, , - , , , , . (1803 .), (1873 .) XX . , , , . , , , , , , . , . , : . , , , , .
XI , 1037 ( ), , , . , . , () . , , - , Coffea arabica.
, , ; . , , . 1100 , XIII .
, . : , , . , , . , , , , , .
, . , . . , , , , , . , . / Lewis Lewin. Phantastica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs (New York: E. P. Dutton. 1931). pp. 256-257/
, 1511 . , 10 , , . , , . 1777 . , , .
, - , .
, . , . , , Chawae, . , . , , , , . , II, : -, , , , , . -, , . / . pp. 257-258/
, - , , , 1570- . , , . 1643 , 30 250 . , , 2000 . , .
, . , Theobroma cacao, / , . , , , . , , . / Jonathan Ott. The Cacahuati Eater: Ruminations of an Unabashed Chocolate Eater (Vashon. Washington: Natural Products Co., 1985). pp. 12-22/
. . . , : . II 1502 . / . . Oss and O. N. Oeric. Psilocybin: The Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide (Berkeley: Lux Nature Press, 1986), p. 73/
, , , . , , . V: 2000 ; . / Lewin, op. cit., p. 283/
, . , , , . 1606 , . II, -, , .
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12. :
, . , , . . . , , , , , , , , , .
, , , . , , , , - . , : , . , , . , , -.
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, , , . , , , , . , . , . / Arnold S. Trebach. The Great Drug War (New York: Macmillan. 1987). p. 291/
, , . . , , , .
, . , , . . , , - . ! , , . XIX . . , ( , ), , ( ).
- , , . ? - .
, , . , , , , , . , , . , 1805 , , , , , .
, . , , , , , - . . , , , , . (Papaver somniferum) .
1600 . . , , , . , . , , , , .
, , . , , ; , . , - , , . , (. . 19).
. 19. , . .
, , , , . (VII, 157).
,
. / Carl Kerenyi. Dionysos: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life, Bollingen Series LXV (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1976), p. 23/
. 20. . . (New York: Panlheon, 1955). . 263.
, , , (. 20). , . . ; , . , , , .
, . ; .
, , 300 . ., I . ., . , , . , . VII . , , , , . / William Emboden, Narcotic Plants (New York: Macmillan. 1979), pp. 27-28/
III . ., , 2000 . , , , , , XVII . 1613 , , , , . , , , . / Alethea Hayter, Opium and the Romantic Imagination (Berkeley: University of California Press. 1968). p. 22/
, . , , . ; , , , , . /Fred Getting's Dictionary of Occult, Hermetic, and Alchemical Sigils (London:Routledge amp; Kegan Paul. 1981) , . / , 1612 , (osoror) , .
, , . XVI , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , : , . / . : Lewin. . 38/
, , , , , . -, , , , .
, . 1492 , , . , , , , . , , - , , , . , . , , . , , .
, , , , .
, , , , , . , , , , . / Lewis Lewin, Phantastica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs (New York: E. P. Dutton. 1931), p. 288/
, , , , . . , . . , . - -- {, . . .}. , , , , , ().
. , , - , .
, 800- , . Nicotiana rustica, . , Nicotiana tabacum. . , . , , , - , , . . .
, . . -, , , - , . , , . /Francis Robicsek. The Smoking Gods: Tobacco in Maya Art, History and Religion (Norman: University Of Oklahoma Press, 1978). p. 46/
, .
. .
, , , . , , . , 600 800 . ., , , , . .-. , - , . , , , , , balche - . Balche , . , , . , . / Peter Furst, Hallucinogens and Culture (San Francisco: Chandler amp; Sharp, 1978). p. 28/
, , . , , , . , , 1661 , .
, . , . . ( ) . . /Thomas Bartholin, Historiarum anatomicarum et medicarum rariorum (Copenhagen. 1661)/
, XVIII .
, .
, , . , , , - , . : .
, , . , . , , , 1579 . / Emboden. op. cit p. 38/
, , , . ,
. 1560 , . , rb Medicea, Herba Catherinea. Nicotiana rustica - . Nicotiana tabacum , , .
. VII , . 1650 . . I, 1604 .
, ( ) , , , , , , , , ? ? , . / Robiscek. op. cit p. 8/
, , . , 7000 ! .
(1618-1648). , . , - . , .
: Nicotiana tabacum, . . , , , . . , .
- , , , . , 1960- ( ), . , , , , . , . (, , : - ).
(1628-1644) . . . 1793 , .
1729 . , , 1830 25 000 . , , , (1838-1842).
, . - , , , 1834 , . . . / Henry Hobhouse, Seeds of Change: Five Plants That Transformed Mankind (New York: Harper amp; Row. 1985), p. 117/
, , . 1838 , . , . , . ; , , , . / Arthur Waley. The Opium War Through Chinese Eyes (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958), pp. 11-157/
, 1840 . , . : . 1840 , . , , 6 300 . , , . . / Peter Ward Fay. The Opium War (New York: W. W. Norton. 1975). pp. 249 260. Also see Jack Beeching, The Chinese Opium Wars (new York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975)/
. . .
XX . : , . . , XIX , , .
: XIX , . - , , , .
. 1960- , , . , . , . , , , Zeitgeist ( .) . , . .
, , - , , , . ( - ) , , , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , - . , , , , . , ; , ; , , . . / Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (London: MacDonald. 1822). p. 117/
. 21. , 1893 . .
; , , . ; , , , ( , ). , .
, , . - , , - , ( ), . , . / Hayter, op. cit p. 103/
, .-. , , , - . , , , , . . ; XIX , , , . , , , . ,
, . 1853 , , , , , (. 21).
XIX , . ( ) , , . , , . , - . , . .
13. : ,,
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- XIX . , , . 1853 . . , -. , , .
1890 , . , .
, , . , . , , , . XX .
, . , 10 , , . .
. , , , . , , .
- . , . , . { () , . . . . . . . 1994, N 20. . 28. . .} , , . , , , . , - . , , . , , .
. . , . . .
: . . , . , . , : ? , . , , , , , . , - . , -. . / Hayter, op. cit p. 103/
: , , . , .
, , : Coca no es un droga,, es comida ( , ). . . / James A. Duke, David Aulik. and Timothy Plowman. Nutritional Value of Coca. Botanical Museum Leaflets of Harvard University 24:6 (1975)/ , . , , . , , . . , . , .
, . . . . , , - .
, - , - . , , , . (. 22).
. 22. , . . . (San Francisco: And/Or Press, 1974). .
1859 . , . , , , , . -, , .
, . , , . , ; , , , . / Sigmund Freud, The Cocaine Papers (Vienna: Dunquin Press. 1963), p. 14/
, , , , . . ; 1885 . . , , . , .
. 1888 , : , . , . / Arthur Conan Doyle. The Sign of Four in The Complete Sherlock Holmes (New York: Doubleday. 1905)/
. 23. . .
, , , . , , . . 1888 (. 23), , .
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, , , , , . 1906 , , , . , , , , , , , , . , ? , ? ? , - , , ? , . , XX , , .
, XX , , . - . , XVIII XIX , - . , (. 24).
. 24. . .
. . , , . , , . , , , , .
, , . , , .
, . . . , , , , , . , . , , , , , , , . , , .
1914 1939 , , , , . , .
. . , , , . , 60- , , No. 4 -. / Alfred W. McCoy. The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia (New York: Harper Colophon Books. 1972)/
. ( ) , , , . , , Opus Dei .
, , . ( ) ( ) ( ) . . / Henrik Kruger. The Great Heroin Coup: Drugs, Intelligence and International Fascism (Boston: South End Press. 1980). p. 14/
. 70- . - . , .
, - . , , , . , -, , . , , - . 80- , .
-, , . , , , , ? . , , -. . , , , . ? , .
, , , , , . , , - , . , , , .
. , . / Philip . Dick. The Man in the High Castle (London: Penguin. 1965)/ , . , . - , . , , . . , , .
, , , , . , ; , ; - , , . , , , , , - . , . , , , .
, . , - , , . , , , , , . . . , - . , , , . / Marie Winn. The Plug-In Drug (new York: Penguin. 1977). pp. 24-25/
, , , , . , , , , , , . ? , , , , . , , , - . . . .
. , , . / Jerry Mander. Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television (New York: Quill. 1978). p. 197/ , . , ; , .
. , 1806 , , . , , , , . . , , . . , , , .
, , , , . , , . 60-, . ! . , . . / Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shiain, Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD, and the Sixties Rebellion (new York: Grove Press. 1985). pp. 27-35/ ( ). , , , , , , .
IV. , ?
14
, . IV () , . , , . , , . . , , .
, ( , ). XX . , , .
, , , . , , , , . .
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, , , .
. . - , . , ? . . Psilocybe, , , , , - . () . , (), - , , , .
. , . , , , , , XVIII . , , .
XIX - . 1850 . / Richard Spruce, Notes of a Botanist on the Rio Negro, A. R. Wallace, ed. (London: Macmillan. 1980)/ - , - . , , Banisteria caapi. , , , (. 25).
. 25. Banisteriopsis caapi, . . . . . (Springfield, MA: Charles Thomas, 1972), . 27, . 104.
. , .
, . , . - . -. , Banisteriopsis caapi, . , , , , . () . , , , . , . / Richard Evans Schultes. The Beta-Carboline Hallucinogens of South America, Journal of Psychoaciive Drugs 14. no. 3 (1982): 205-220/ , , , , , 50- .
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, , , , . , , , (. 26). , , . , . .
. 26. . . .
. , . , , - . ; , .
, . , , . , , , . , , , . .
. XIX , .
1887 - , , - . , , , . , 1897 , - .
, , , , . , . , , , -. . , , . , , -, , , - . / . : A. Hotter and H. Osmond. The Hallucinogens (New York: Academic Press. 1967). p. 8/
1897 , , , . , Lophophora williamsii. , , . , , , .
, , .
; , , , ; , , . , , , , . - , - , , - , . , , , . , , , . / . . 9/
, , . , , , . - , , , . . . , , .
. , , , , - . , . , , . , , . , - , - . , . , , . . , , . / . . 7/
1927 , , . , .
, . , , . , .
. ( ) - , . , . . ( 1 .) . , . , : . , . / Heinrich Kluver. Mescal, the Divine Plant and Its Psychological Effects (London: Kegan Paul. 1928). p. 28/
. . , Banisteriopsis caapi, , 80 . , , . 1929 . : - , . 1929 . . - Banisteriopsis caapi . , 1957 , , , Peganum harmala, .
30 - , . . , , .
. , . , . , . 1919 , , . / .: Victor A. Reko, Magische Gife, Rausch'und Betaubungsmittel der neuen Welt (Berlin: Express Edition. 1987)/ 1937 , . , ipomoea violacea, , .
, , , , , . , , , - .
- , , . , .
, . -, . , , . - , - - .
. . 30- ; , , . , , . , 1939 , , . / Richard Evans Schultes. Plantae Mexicanae. II: The Identification of Teonanacati, a Narcotic Basidiomycete of the Aztec amp;, Botanical Museum Leaf lets of Harvard University (1939) 7:37-54/ , .
, . 1938 , , . ( ) . , , d- -25. , , . . , .
, , 1894 , . / Alfred Jarry, Selected Works of Alfred Sorry, Roger Shattuck and Simon Watson Taylor, eds. (New York: Grove Press. 1965)/ , , . .
, 16 1943 , , , , .
, . - , . ( ) , . - . / Albert Hofmann. LSD, My Problem Child (Los Angeles: Tarcher. 1983). p. 15/
1947 , . 50- , .
1954 -, , .
, , , , . , . , , . . , , , . , , , , , , . , . / Aldous Huxley, The Doors of Perception (New York: Harper, 1954). p. 33 (. . .23)/
1956 . . , - , 10 . . .
- , : , , , , . , , , . , ; , , . / Steven Szara in Psychotropic Drugs. S. Garattim and V. Qhetti, eds (Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1957). p. 460/
, 1957 , , . , , , , , . - . , , , / . , . , .
, , 1958 .
1947 1960 , . , .
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, , , , .
. 50 , 5/100000 . , , . , 10 100 . , . , , ; . , . . . : .
. , , . , , - .
, , . , , , : . , . / Jay Stevens. Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. 1987); Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shiain, Acid Dreams: The IA, LSD, and the Sixties Rebellion (New York: Grove Press. 1985)/ , , , XIX , , .
.
60-, , , , . , - , ? , . , 1971 . - , , , , .
-, , .
, , 60- , , , , -- (), , , , , , {. . .} , , . , , , , -25. - . , 50-, , , . /Lee and Shiain, op. cit., p. xxi/
, 1973 . , , , . , - , , - . , , , : , . / . . 286/
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, , , . , 45% , , . / A. Hotter and H. Osmond. New Hope for Alcoholics (New York: University Books. 1968)/ , . , , , . , , , . / Lester Grinspoon and James B. Bakalar. Psychedelic Drugs Reconsidered (New York: Basic Books, 1979). p. 216/ .
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: , 1966 , , . 70- , , 1975 . ; .-. .-. : . 100 000 . -. , , , , , .
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, . , , , 70-, 80- , . , , , / Sophia Adamson. Through the Gateway of the Heart (San Francisco: Four Trees Press. 1985)/ , - . , . 80- -, .
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, , , , , . Stropharia cubensis, , .
Ipomoea purpura Turbina ( Rivea)corymbosa. , , , , , , . , . / Sophia Adamson. Through the Gateway of the Heart (San Francisco: Four Trees Press. 1985)/
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: , . . , , . , 60- , . /Timothy Leary and Ralph Metzner. The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead (New Hyde Park. N. Y.: University Books. 1964)/ , , . , , , . , . , . - . ( ), . , , , - .
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, , , - , , . , , , , . / Martin Moyniham. Communication and Noncommunication by Cephalopods (Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1985)/
, , , , . , - , , , , . .
, , , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , . , , . / Hans Jonas. The Phenomenon of Life (New York: Dell. 1966), p. 238/
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