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Иностранные известия о восстание Степана Разина

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Thus they got again what they had laid out besides a great deal more in money and Gold, and not content with this they ran to some of the King's Pleasure Hauses not far from the Town, which they plundered also and carried the Booty off to their Ships with which they sailed to the Peninsula Mijaan – Kaal, which joins by an Isthmus to the Province of Mezanderaan [a]cross which they drew a Line to cutt off all communication with the Continent, and so posted themselves here in defiance of the Persians.
      While they behaved themselves after this manner in the Silk-country, it fared but ill with their Embassadours at Court; for they were dragged out from a Publick Audience which the King gave in the Talaar Ali Kapi, with 3 people who were joyned to them and came along with them, in all 6 persons, their Necks and Hands were fastened into the wooden Mik (Pillory) and they were led into the (Meidaan) one after another, and 2 of them flung alive to the Dogs to be torn to Pieces; the others were pardoned, but forced to be circumcised and (л. 3) turn Mahometans. The Persians imagined, that the Czar of Moscovy had sett them to work to committ this Ravage in the Silk Lands, in revenge for the affront, which Abas II had done to his Embassador in the year 1665, but we could not believe that so generous a Prince as the Czar was, would have done any such thing underhand and with so small a force, if he would have taken notice of the affront. But the Czar, being very powerfull, always observed a strict friendship with King Abas II, there having always subsisted a good harmony between the two Kingdomes, and the Czar was sufficiently sensible of the extravagant proceedings of his people, which (Текст подчеркнут карандашом, над ним карандашом вставка who had drawn such magics upon themselves. Далее до слов Epistle of Abas II текст на поле подчеркнут вертикальной чертой.)at this juncture he with justice laid (Текст подчеркнут карандашом, над ним карандашом вставка who had drawn such magics upon themselves. Далее до слов Epistle of Abas II текст на поле подчеркнут вертикальной чертой.) at their own door. It seems on the other hand, that the King of Persia in the Letter he sent on this occasion, made some complaint, and pointed at a distance at some faults, but this was certain that the Messenger being anxions (Далее карандашом над строкой написано persian [s] were unlasy how to…)what answer the Czar (Над словом the Czar написано карандашом for that proceeding.) might give, died upon the road in Persia, fearing he should incurr the Czar's displeasure (Исправлено карандашом so much it is certain that he the Czar showed (далее два или три слова стерты) Emhassadour in the Letter' he wrorte.), and it was likewise certain, that he took notice of his Embassadour's uneasiness in his Letters (Исправлено карандашом so much it is certain that he the Czar showed (далее два или три слова стерты) Emhassadour in the Letter' he wrorte)in answer to the (Вместо the карандашом написано that) Epistle of Abas II ((Далее карандашом вставлено at a time), when the Cossaks were still posted in the Silk Country; but he sent him at the same time an English Colonel named Mr. Palmer, who had been long in his service: for he had desired him to send him an European officer ((Вместо an European Officier карандашом написано some European officers.) well experienced in the (Вместо the карандашом написано our.). Military Discipline and the method of managing war. But in the meantime Abas died, and Sjah Sefi II succeeded, who was not apprized of the value of this man, and as well as his Prime Minister took no notice of him. And what made him more neglected (л. З об.), was, that he was an old man with one foot in the grave, was a person of no presence, and was not talking (Вместо tolking карандашом написано conversing.) with the Persians, being capricious selfconceited and proud, nor able to conform himself to their humours. At first he lived pretty well upon his Salary, but that was soon diminished, that he could not maintain himself with his Wife and Children, whom he had brought along with him, at last to get rid of him they denied him all manner of support, unless he would renounce his Religion. Last of all when he was quite reduced to Poverty, the Europeans bore his charges to Gam-ron, from whence the English conveyed him to Bombay. This Embassy was not committed to an unskillfull Russian, but to an Englishman, one ffebdon, a perfect Master of the Russian tongue, in which Langu age his Instructions were drawn up. His Brother was likewise sent as Ambassadour from the Great Duke to the King of England (Напротив на полях написано по-латински и по-немецки de quo Wiquefort in seiner memoric von Ambassadeurs mentionirt.). The subject of the Embassy into Persia, was to make a Convention relating to the Silk Trade, and Hebdon was to have remained in Gilaan or Mezanderaan as Resident to manage the Business. But he arrived at Ispahan at the point of death, and died the next day, so this affair rested here without any farther Step being taken in it for no body of his Retinue had any instruction or orders to proceed with, and from that time nothing (Над строкой карандашом написано was further proposed.)) has beed done (Над строкой карандашом написано was further proposed.) concerning that Commerce. The Proceedings of the Cossacks did also evidently demonstrate, that they did not act by the Czar's directions, for they did not spare the Country of even Great Duke himself (л. 4). These Robbers being thus posted in the Peninsula of Mezenderaan, the Persians fitted out some small Vessels (Над строкой карандашом добавлено with platforms.) armed with a few pieces of small Cannon and some men, to dislodge the Cossacks by attacking them from the Seaside. But the Persians were unacquainted with the Coast and Engagements at Sea, whereas the Enemy were very ready and expert. The Persians could not manage the ir Ships, nor make use of their men advantagiously against the Enemy, so the Cossacks putt them into confusion as soon as ever they were gott out to Sea, so that the greater part of them fell into the Enemy's hands, who likewise sank most of their Ships, having first taken the Guns out of them. And thus there were but few of the people who escaped being Killed or drowned. The Court then talked of fitting out another fleet against them, and to man it with stout (Над строкой вместо stout карандашом написано Perse.) fishermen from Bahrein and other Seafaring people, because the former defeat was thought owing to the natives of that Country. But the Robbers, not seeing that they were likely to make any farther advantages upon this Coast, did not wait the event of this resolution, but quitted the Peninsula Mijannkaal on their own accord to the Year 1669. We heard, that after this they made themselves masters of Astracan by surprize, destroying all before them, and putting many of the people to the sword, till at last a valiant general coming retook the Town, which they did not defend long, but betaking themselves to their Ships, fell down again into the Caspian Sea (л. 4 об.), and sailed to Jayk, where they put themselves in a posture of defence, thinking they should be able to hold out. But the General, as soon as he settled affairs at Astracan, followed after them with all possible expedition, and blockt them so upon all sides, that they had no way to get out, but all fell into his hands, among whom was their Bojaar or Chief taken Prisoner, who was afterwards sent in chains to Moscow, where very severe punishments were inflicted on him; as is sufficiently Known in Europe by the accounts already given of this affair, and therefore I shall say no more concerning it in this place.
      Stenko Radeiri's Expedition into Persia, related by word of mouth by a Cossack who assisted at it and with 30 others was taken Prisoner nine Years ago upon the Osto Duwanni (behind which as was said, lies another, Sziloi), near Baadkui, when they went robbing on their own account
      After Stenko had Kept his Winter quarters in Yeikstadt (На полях страницы повторено название г. Яика – Yaikstat.) which place he had taken by a Stratagem, desiring to go in only with 5 persons, but Bogumolic breaking in with the Arriergard did render himself Master of it, he went to Sea with 1200 men in 29 or 30 Struses. Upon each Buse was but one Cannon, but when they came back from Astarabad, they had 2 or 3. It is to be wondered at, that they could pass the Sea with Struses; to perform this, they had defended their Vessels by fastening round about the Gunnel Rolls stuffed with Grass or Straw, which made them lighter and Kept off the (л. 5) Waves. They had built these Struses at Gurgi upon the Caspian Sea, and doubtless carried the materials with them down the Volga, for they did not take that course which Chardin describes, but the usual Robbers way through Kamuczinka Rekka, by Zariza and Astracan, where by the way they robbed all in a hostile manner. These Struses were one man high, one Russian Ell deep under Water, 8 fathoms long, and 1 fathom broad.
      The first assault was (Карандашом исправлено на was Pod Buchari upon by Karngar.) upon Pod buchari by Karngar (Карандашом исправлено на was Pod Buchari upon by Karngar.) where the Russian Buses lye, thinking to get booty there, but this design was frustrated, therefore they went away and sailed along the Coast as far as Astrabad. There they proposed to the Cham ((Здесь и далее так в тексте, следует Chan или Chann (хан)). to give them a Place to live in as subjects and assist the King against the Usbecks, Two Weeks passed, and in the third they began to traffic, they made the people confident, feigning great simplicity (giving for instance a Ducat for a little (Слово little подчеркнуто карандашом и напротив него на полях написано few. Скобки даны в тексте рукописи) Schai, and selling some Goods for a Trifle). The Cham sent a Messenger to the King, and three Weeks after they sent their Deputies also: they took 500 men (Слово men подчеркнуто карандашом и напротив него на полях написано Musicks.) of all sorts of people from the Cham for Hostages; they stayd in all 6 Weeks there. Messengers after Messengers arrived from the King with favorable promises. The Cham detained them with friendly words, to amuse them till a sufficient Army could be raised. None of the Cossacks understood the Language of the Country, except Stenko, who went about every day disguised in old Clouths to hear what was discoursed, for he spoke 8 languages (л. 5 об.). Не took it ill, that the Deputies were not sent back with an answer. The Cham endeavoured, according to the Persian custom, to amuse him with Civility, promising him Honour and a Calate (Robe of Ceremony) from the King. Stenko was too cunning to be imposed upon, but returned Dissimulation for dissimulation. The Cham having allready 7000 men drawn together from all parts, invited Stenko Razin to dine with him the next day, for which mark of honour he returned him his 500 Hostages again. For the greater Security it was agread upon on both sides, that no body sh[oul]d bring Knives or any arms with them. The next day Stenko Razin ordered 500 men to ty their Sabres upon their Backs and hide them under their Coats, and to be present at the Entertainment standing in a Line: that upon a signal being given, every one should take the sabre from his Neighbour's back and make use of it. It is said, that Stenko in going about for intelligence, had information that the Persians had ordered men of their own to be present at the Entertainment, privately armed after the same manner, which was a good Plea for him that it was not he, who began Hostilities (На полях карандашом написано Perhaps only by way of precaution for their own defence.). He therefore went with his 500 men to the Entertainment: the Cham had pitched his Tent in the Field about two Wersts from Astarabad attended by 700 men who had their Sabres concealed, and left their fire arms near by in a secret place. Stenko had left 500 men more in reserve, who were to observe the Motion of the Persians, and when an advantage offered were to advance against them with their Cannon. Stenko and 11 Persons with him (л. 6), sett themselves down, the rest remained standing in a Line. After they had sate a little while, and according to the custom of the Country viewed the Sweetmeats, the Cham drank Stenkos Health, and desired him to drink the King of Persia's Health, which he did. By this they fell into a familiar discourse. Stenko admired the Cham's Cloathe and fine Sabre, and the Cham admired Stenko's Cloaths which were of Sables of none of the worst sort, as also his Sabre, which Stenko draws out and presents to the Cham to look upon, the Cham, after having viewed it, returns it to Stenko, and draus out his likewise and presents it to Stenko. Stenko admires the fine Arms of the Persians as doing honour to the King whose servants they were. In talking after this manner, he plays with the Sabre and makes the Signal agreed upon to his Captain, who was a Russian Priest, and dressed in his Priestly Habit with an Iron Staff in his hand. The latter having given his Men the Blessing, Stenko begins the Massacre, with the Cham's own Sabre cutting off his Head and of 5 others. At the same time his 500 men took their Sabres and fell upon the Kiselbashes, of whom some escaped and gave the Alarm to the Army. Those could not so soon mount their Horses, before Stenko's Corps de reserve fired upon them with their Cannon, which they had planted privately in an advantageous Place, to hinder the Army from approaching. All these were killed, some few excepted who had the good look (Так в тексте, следует luck.) to escape. After this the Cossacks attacked (Вместо attacked карандашом написано run to.) Astarabad, put ((вместо put над строкой карандашом написано killing.) all the men to the Sword (Над строкой карандашом написано is plundering the Town.), plundered the Town (Над строкой карандашом написано is plundering the Town.), and carried 800 women together with the Booty along with them to the Island where their Vessels lay, 48 hours travelling (л. 6 об.) from thence. There they kept these Women for 3 weeks. But as many of the Cossacks died of the Excesses they comitted with that Sex (Далее карандашом вставлено and as.), the Sea grew very tempestuous, which they looked upon as a punishment of (Of зачеркнуто карандашом и надписано for.) their Dabauches, besides that they intended to leave the Island yet could not take Women along with them, nor leave them behind without provisions, they resolved to make away with them all, and by this sacrifice to appease the Sea. They went afterwards to Zamur Recca (Zamur исправлено карандашом на Samur.) in Mesanderan, where they plundered the Persian Buses that lay there, and after they had scowred the Sea for 2 months, they (Слово they зачеркнуто карандашом, над ним вставлено and auorday to wi (?) fell upon.) attacked Astarabad the second time, according to Chardiris, account, and went to Swino Ostro near Chilan not far from the River Kuur over against Lengenkonaan (Исправлено карандашом на Lengecikonaan.) an Island about 2 Wersts long, so near the Land, that one can see the People walk, and the Water so shallow, that the wild Boars are able to wade through. Upon this Island, on the other side of it, stood 7000 Persians to keep a watchful Eye upon the Cossacks in their high, half and whole Buses. The Cossacks being ignorant of this, supped that night, and laid themselves down to sleep. In the night Stenko Radzin wakened all his People, and ordered them to come together in a Circle, where he told them he had had a Dream, that the Enemy was upon the Island (for it was believed he understood magick Arts, to such a degree that he had made J all his People shot free and proof against Bullets, though others who had seen so many his people killed, knew better things) then he proposed in Council (tho (tho зачеркнуто карандашом и написано for.) he believed for certain what his Spirit had already insinuated to him) whether they should venture a Battel (Так в тексте, современное написание Battle.) with the Enemy, or retire to the Sea (Над to the надписано карандашом by.). The Chiefs of them, who were already before in good circumstances, or were grown rich by the Plunder of this Country, dissuaded it, saying; there had been Blood enough shed already, and they might well retire with honour. But the poorer sort buoyed up with hopes of Booty (л. 7) said: it would be a Shame to retire without venturing an Engagement. Stenko was of the opinion of the former, and yet being unwilling to oppose the latter, desired that another Person would take the Command (Далее вставлено карандашом of this expedition.) upon him. The Army offered it to an old man, who also had the Reputation of making people shotfree; he accepted it and promised them to make his own Son a Sacrifice in order to render them all bullet proof. But while this offer was making, the Son saved himself by deserting to the Enemy, and was never heard after. He himself was seized with inward Torments and a fit of trembling which lasted three hours, when that was over, he said: Well it is done, you are safe, and so they got into their Vessels and put out to Sea. The Persians seeing this, thought they fled, though they did it only to draw them on, and therefore they launched farther out into the Sea and feigned as if they were unable to manage their Vessels, which encouraged the Persians to pursue them with a great noise of Trumpets (Напротив на полях приписано Posaunen (трубы) – нем…)and Kettle Drums. The Cham was with them in person and set up a great Flag in his Buse. They had also chained their Buses together, in hopes to enclose them all as in a net, that none might escape. But this was a great advantage to the Cossacks; for the Persians began to fire upon them, and when they were far enough from the Land, the new General of the Cossacks, thinking it was now time, ordered his Gunner who was a most expert fellow, to fire upon that great Vessel with the flag, which accordingly he did, directing his Gun to the Place under Water where the Gunpowder lay, the Bullet was hollow and filled with Nephta and Cotton, and the Shot took effect according to wish, for it blew (л. 7 об.) up part of the Buse, and set the rest on fire, the Cham retiring to the next Vessel, in this Confusion (Далее зачеркнуто чернилами повторное and the Vessel beginning not only to sink) and the Vessel beginning not only to sink, but to draw down the next with it, the Cossacks came to hinder this destruction, hoked their Vessels to those of the Persians, which having high Decks, they killed the Persians with trails or Poles to which Cannon Balls were tied, some chosing rather to throw themselves into the Sea, than to fall into the hands of the Enemy. The rest were killed by the Cossacks, who could take nothing out of the Buses but the Cannon. The Cham and 5 others they carried with them to Astracan for though they offered the Cham his Liberty, he rather chose to remain their prisoner because he had undertaken this Expedition without any orders from the King, and he died afterwards at Astracan. The Co-sacks had but 50 men wounded by Bows with which the Persians had armed one Vessel, and against which their General (Зачеркнуто карандашом, надписано not made them shot free.) had taken no precaution or defence (Зачеркнуто карандашом, надписано not made them shot free). After this Seafight they went to Astracan and defeated Prosorowski (Исправлено, первоначально было Prosoroloski.) with 7000 Russians, by which it appears, that Chardin is mistaken, when he says, the Russians had conspired with them. All this happened in one Summer or 6 months time, and consequently Chardiri's is again in the wrong, when he says they stayd the Winter in Persia.
      Э. КЕМПФЕР. ЗАПИСКИ О ПЕРСИДСКОМ ПОХОДЕ С. РАЗИНА ИЗ РУКОПИСИ КЕМПФЕРА, НАХОДЯЩЕЙСЯ ВО ВЛАДЕНИИ СЭРА ГАНСА СЛОУНА, ПЕРЕВЕДЕННОЙ И ПОДГОТОВЛЕННОЙ К ИЗДАНИЮ ДОКТОРОМ МОРТИМЕРОМ
      Верхненемецкий
      Сравни Кемпфера из «Амонитатус екзотикарум…» (с. 58) ((Биографические сведения о Кемпфере наиболее подробно даны в немецком словаре «Allgemeine deutsche Biographie» (Leipzig, 1882, статья Фалькмана)Имеется также монография Meier-Lemgo «Engelbert Kaempfer» (1937). Приводим некоторые данные о Кемпфере, имеющие отношение к нашей теме. Э. Кемпфер был уроженцем г. Лемго (графство Липпе в Вестфалии); он вернулся сюда в 1694 г. после странствий и находился при графском дворе в должности лейб-медика. Произведения его написаны частью на родном для него верхненемецком диалекте, в большинстве же по-латыни, которой в литературном отношении он владел лучше. Ряд сочинений, в том числе известное «Amoenitatum exoticarum…», издан при его жизни. После его смерти в 1716 г. в Лемго приезжал знаменитый коллекционер Ганс Слоун и купил почти все его рукописи, которых было свыше 36. Заслугой Слоуна был перевод на английский язык и издание «History of Japan» (Лондон, 1727). Видимо, публикуемые нами записки также были подготовлены к печати, но по каким-то причинам не изданы. В настоящее время произведения Кемпфера находятся в Британском музее и продолжают издаваться и переводиться на другие языки. В заголовке записок дается ссылка на одно из наиболее известных сочинений Кемпфера – «Amoenitatum exoticarum Poetico-Politico-Phisico-Medicarum Fasciculi V, quibus continentur variae relationes, observationes et descriptiones rerum Persicarum et ulterioris Asiae, multa attentione in peregrinationibus per universum orientem collectae ab autore Engelberto Kaempfero. D. Lemgoviae» (1711). Ha c. 57 – 58 имеются строки, относящиеся к движению Разина. В них дается самая общая характеристика восстания, и их содержание не имеет ничего общего с публикуемыми записками. Однако ссылка, сделанная на этот отрывок в начале текста записок, ввела в заблуждение архивистов XIX в., принявших записки за выдержку из «Amoenitatum…» и давших им соответственный заголовок. В результате этого документ до последнего времени не привлекал к себе внимания.)).
      Я должен здесь заметить, что народ, называемый казаками, совершенно отличен от настоящих казаков, которые являются народом турецкого происхождения и магометанского вероисповедания и населяют страну поблизости Туркестана; хотя верно и то, что оба эти народа вначале имели общее происхождение, так же как и название. Казаки, которые чинили беспорядки в Шелковых странах на Каспийском море, были подданными России, населяли территорию в районе Дона, были христианами по религии, говорили и писали на русском языке и управлялись начальником, которого они называли боярином, и чье имя было Стенька Разин, и который – мне неизвестно, из-за какого недовольству русским правительством, – покинул свою страну и поднял мятеж (Кемпфер пытается разъяснить разницу между казаками – вольными людьми, селившимися на окраинах русского государства и служившими ему для охраны границ, и казахами (казаками) – народом тюркской языковой группы, по вероисповеданию суннитами. Относительно их общего происхождения он заблуждается, хотя название «казаки» заимствовано с тюркского и означает «вольный», «гулящий» человек. Во второй части записок Кемпфер сообщает, что С. Разин вышел в море с 1200 человеками на 29 или 30 судах. Шарден называет другое количество казаков – 6000, прибывших на 40 больших барках; однако он, видимо, основывается на приведенном им заявлении казацких послов в Исфагане (см. с. 176, комм. 4-й), которое никак нельзя принять за достоверное. Русские документы того времени довольно последовательно определяют численность отряда Разина в момент его выхода в Каспийское море в 1000 или 1200 человек на 24-30 судах (Кр. война, т. I, с 140 и др.).). С отрядом в 800 человек он спустился одним из рукавов Волги до Астрахани, вышел под парусами в Каспийское море и потом высадился между реками Араксом (Aras) и Кизилагатом в области Махан (Начало персидского похода в разных источниках освещается по-разному. Здесь Кемпфер начинает изложение похода Разина с его высадки на территории современного Азербайджана. Во второй части записок сообщается, что первое нападение казаков было «под Бухари, близ Карнгара», после чего казаки ушли вдоль берега к Астрабаду. У Шардена рассказ о персидском походе Разина начинается прямо с Решта (Шарден, с. 112-119, 135-140). В «Трех путешествиях» Стрейс, ссылаясь на показания самих казаков, пишет, что они захватили много «приморских городов в Персии», таких как «Низа-бад (Низовая), Шаберан, Мордов, Такуз, расположенных неподалеку от высокой и всемирно известной горы Бармаи»; «отсюда они пошли на Астрабад и Баку, в котором на них, пьяных, напало персидское войско» (Стрейс, с. 199). В дошедших до нас русских документах сведения о начале персидского похода крайне скудны, неопределенны и противоречивы. Известия о казаках начинают поступать не ранее 18 июня 1668 г., большей же частью осенью, и представляют собой записи слухов, в которых факты мешаются с вымыслом. Наиболее ранним было известие с Терков от 18 июня 1668 г. о том, что Разин пришел на западный берег Каспийского моря в апреле 1668 г., имея 24 струга и примерно 1000 человек (Кр. война, т. I, с. 140). Казаки остановились напротив устья Терека на Чеченье-острове и отправили в Терки к кн. К. М. Черкасскому грамоту с просьбой прислать пороха, запасов и вина (Кр. война, т. I, с. 140). Однако этому выглядевшему вполне правдоподобно сообщению противоречит отписка с Терков, в которой сообщается, что до 20 июля 1668 г. туда не приходило никаких известий о казаках (Кр. война, т. I, с. 114). Согласно другому сообщению – расспросным речам вернувшихся из Шемахи астраханцев, – Степан Разин с казаками пришел «безвестно» в Персидскую землю в апреле 1668 г. и «разорили меж Дербени и Шемахи деревню Мордову», причем одного из разинцев задержали и привезли в Шемаху, где он рассказал о пребывании казаков на Жилом острове и об их намерении напасть на Баку (Кр. война, т. I, с. 141). Не исключено, что пленный намеренно давал ложные показания с целью ввести в заблуждение царских воевод. В это же время тарковский шамхал сообщил, что казаки перед тем как уйти под Решт между Дербентом и Баку погромили деревни (Кр. война, т. I, с. 141). О нападении на Баку ходило много слухов. 19 июня 1668 г. сын боярский А. Третьяков сказал в Терках, что он слышал в Шемахе, будто казаки были в Низовой (Низбаде) и в Баку, «а живут в Куре-реке и по морю разъезжают» (Кр. война, т. I, с. 119); по сведениям посланного «для вестей» терча-нина, Разин, соединясь под Терками с Сергеем Кривым, «пошли под Дербепь и под Шевран и Шевран погромили… да те ж казаки в Баке посады погромили, взяли ясырь и живот многой» (Кр. война, т. I, с. 143). По слухам, исходившим из Персии, казаки «приходили на Ряж (Решт) и на Баку город изгоном», т. е. набегом (Кр. война, т. I, с. 143). Все эти данные еще не подвергались историками фактической проверке. Также пока недостаточно известны названия населенных пунктов, имевшихся в то время на берегах Каспийского моря; поэтому нельзя с достоверностью говорить о маршруте и действиях Разина. Для разработки этих вопросов окажутся особенно ценными исследования азербайджанских и дагестанских ученых. Сейчас же можно сказать, что Разин был вблизи Баку и, возможно, даже «погромил» его посады; взятие же им такой первоклассной крепости, как Баку, – факт, явно неправдоподобный.),)где в начале 1667 г. он обратился к шаху (the King), прося даровать ему немного земли, причем давал самые решительные заверения, что его люди будут вести себя как настоящие шахсивен, что на местном (Turkish (По-английски означает не только турецкий, но и арабский, сарацинский и проч. Здесь – персидский).) языке значит быть верными монаршему величеству или быть верными слугами государя и верноподданными, и что они всегда будут готовы защищать его и служить ему (Вопрос о предложении разницами своего подданства персидскому шаху сложен и не выяснен до конца, хотя самый факт, видимо, несомненен, так как подтверждается различными независимыми друг от друга источниками. При объяснении этого факта следует иметь в виду, что казаки считали себя вольными людьми, имеющими право служить любому господину в обмен на его покровительство. Также возможно, что предложение Разина было дипломатическим ухищрением, позволявшим выиграть время. О направлении послов Разина к шаху с просьбой об отведении казакам земли на р. Куре есть сведения во многих русских документах: в расспросных речах подьячего Наума Колесникова, находившегося в составе посольства Томаса Брейна (Кр. война, т. I, № 183), в челобитных персидских купцов (там же, т. III, № 244, 252) и в других. Шарден объясняет досылку казаками посольства к персидскому шаху желанием «лучше скрыть свои намерения» и относит его ко времени после ограбления Решта. Приводим его высказывание: «Чтобы лучше скрыть свои намерения, они послали ко двору четырех из своих как депутатов с аккредитивными грамотами, как будто бы это было посольство. Люди губернатора Шемахи их проводили в Исфахан, куда они прибыли немного времени спустя после того, как туда пришло известие об их вторжении. С ними обошлись довольно хорошо, предоставили им жилище, освободили от пошлин, как обычно поступали с другими посланниками. Они попросили аудиенции короля, но им отказали под предлогом, что по характеру их посольства они не могли претендовать на эту честь и что они казались даже врагами. Им предложили аудиенцию первого министра, на что они согласились. Тогда же они заявляли, что они депутаты от 6000 казаков, их товарищей, находившихся на Каспийском море, что они действительно были подданными империи московитов, но, утомленные дурным обращением, которое они там претерпевали, они решили бежать из своей страны с детьми и женами и с имуществом, которое они могли увезти; после обсуждения места их убежища Персия им показалась наиболее справедливой, где лучше других обращались с подданными, вот почему они приняли решение предложить себя в неволю персидского шаха; из любви к королю они станут шахсевен, и теперь они надеются на великодушие этого великого монарха, что он выслушает их мольбы и предоставит им убежище и землю для поселения» (Шарден, с. 115 – 116).). Но при дворе этим людям не доверяли, на них смотрели как на разбойников, в чем еще раньше убедились по опыту, и хотя не дали прямого отказа, но держали их в ожидании, медля с ответом. Казаки, потеряв терпение, отправились на своих кораблях вдоль побережья Гиляни и подошли очень близко к Решту (Resjt (Поход к Решту во всех русских документах относится ко времени, непосредственно следующему за действиями Разина на западном берегу Каспийского моря (на территории современных Дагестана и Азербайджанской ССР).

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